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Species variety and the concentration of seed soil banks depend on soil characteristics crops, and cultivation techniques. Allelopathy plays an important role in formation of weed seed banks, mostly by an allelochemical regulation of seed germination. There exists a possibility of allelopathy utilization to weed control but only together with the other methods. Understanding of the functions of seed soil banks enabled to valuate their crucial role in the dymamics of most plant communities, field agrophytocenoses including.
The resources of viable seeds laying in soil or on its surface are called a seed bank. Weeds, germinating on arable lands, originate from diaspores being the components of soil bank. The number of seeds in banks mainly depends on the factors determinating seed longevity. Fundamental condition of seed longevity is the ability to developing of dormancy. Three types of the dormancy are recognized: innate, enforced and induced. Moreover there are five general types of the dormnancy distinguished on the basis of internal reasons - physiological, physical, combinational, morphological, and morphophysiological ones. There are transient and persistent seed banks, among which three functional types are recognized. The rate and range of seasonal changes in seed dormancy and germination may be described by predictive mathematical models.
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of soil temperature, desiccation, light conditions and concentration of nitrates on the seasonal germination pattern of Cirsium arvense achenes. Seed lots collected in summer were buried in field in autumn. Once a month all over a year, one portion of them was exhumed to test germination in light or darkness, with or without nitrate and with or without desiccation. Seeds germination also was tested after long preincubation at various constant temperatures (2, 6, 12 and 19°C) and at temperatures rising stepwise from 2 to 26°C. Creeping thistle seeds did not show of apparent endogenous seasonal dormancy pattern. Environmental conditions in soil bank resulted in the appearance of seasonal changes in seed germination. The changes in dormancy were mainly regulated by the field temperature. The dormancy of imbibed seeds was relieved by rising temperatures, when the temperature had reached 12°C. The temperature increase above 12°C resulted in dormancy induction. The dormancy breaking of imbibed seeds stored for 2 months at 19°C was complete, but during longer storage dormancy development occurred. The seed dormancy relief at lower temperatures was slower and incomplete. Nitrate, desiccation and light affected seed germination to a lesser extent, and their effects were season-related.
Rennin proteolysis of milk proteins was investigated in milk fortified with alcohol-precipitated whey proteins concentrate. A mechanism of interactions between alcohol-denatured whey proteins and micellar casein is proposed on the basis of results of starch-gel electrophoresis, the amounts of released peptides and glycopeptides, and the determined alcohol and beat stability.
Variability of cows' milk functional fatty acids level in grazing period. The aim of this study was to determine variation in the content of functional fatty acids (FFA) and to examine the value of the atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes in cows' milk during the grazing season. The study was carried out in a low input farm located in Mazovia province. Milk samples were collected from eight lactating cows, which were in a similar phase of lactation (100± 30 day) during the 5 months grazing period (from June to October). Analysis of health-promoting compounds in examined milk lipid fraction was performed using capillary gas chromatography method. The highest concentrations of functional fatty acids of cows milk fat have been reported in September (32.91 g/100g of fat), substantially the lowest one at the beginning and at the end of grazing period (July and October). The most desirable (the lowest) values of AI and TI indexes were achieved in September and in July, respectively. The most favourable SCD activity and the levels of n6/n3 ratio have been presented in July. We concluded that the content of functional fatty acids in cows’ milk varies significantly in particular months of grazing period, influencing its health promoting quality.
The ecophysiological regulation of seed dormancy in perennial species and those with a varied life cycle has not been studied in detail yet. That is why an attempt has been made to determine the Cirsium arvense seed water relations during stratification and afterripening at different temperatures and germination at constant or fluctuating temperatures on the basis of the hydrotime model. The obtained results showed that breaking of the primary dormancy of achenes took place only during the first stratification month at moderate temperatures, mainly due to an increase in the average water-stress tolerance in a seed population. The induction of secondary seed dormancy during after-ripening at all temperatures resulted mostly from a substantial loss of the seeds' ability to tolerate water stress. Fluctuating temperatures affected neither seed germination nor the hydrotime model parameters. The analysis of the variations of hydrotime model parameters allows a better understanding of the physiological basis of seed dormancy relief and induction.
The aim of the study has been to determine the effect of mineral fertilization and growth regulators on the content of mineral components in plants of two pea cultivars. The research was based on a two-factor pot trial. Two cultivars of pea were gown: cv. Poker (sugar pea with traditional foliage) and cv. Wenus (a general use, narrow-leaf cultivar). The effect of traditional fertilization with single NPK fertilizers was compared to that with multi-component fertilizers: Polifoska 6 and Amofoska 3 (alone or with the growth regulators: auxins IBA and NAA, triacontanol, L-tryptophan, adenine and cyokinin BA). Seeds of sugar pea cultivar Poker contained more phosphorus, potassium and calcium than those of universal cv. Wenus. Higher concentration of potassium in vegetative organs was found in cv. Wenus. Fertilization with Polifoska 6 increased the content of phosphorus in seeds and vegetative organs whereas Amofoska 3 stimulated mainly the accumulation of potassium. The growth stimulators tended to depress the content of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in seeds but raised their levels in vegetative organs. Cultivar Poker, a traditional pea variety, was characterised by a more desirable distribution of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium than narrow-leaf cv. Wenus. Mineral fertilization, compared to the control, stimulated more strongly the uptake of phosphorus than that of calcium and consequently lead to the narrowing of the mol calcium to phosphorus ratio. In contrast, the growth regulators improved that ratio owing to the increased transfer of calcium to seeds. Cv. Wenus was characterised by a broader K : (Ca + Mg) ratio in all examined aerial organs than cv. Poker. Mineral fertilization considerably increased these values.
The cause of seed dormancy relief may be various external factors, however the most data suggest particular role of temperature, especially it is seasonally changing environmental cue. The impact of temperature on hydrotime model parameters of red clover seeds has not been studied up to date. The aim of the study was to determine the water relations of red clover seeds during germination after different constant or fluctuating temperature pretreatment in a dry and moist seedbed, on the basis of the hydrotime model. The highest germination was obtained as a result of temperatures in a moist seedbed thanks to a shift of the mean base water potential towards negative values. Alternating positive temperatures broke the dormancy of red clover seeds to the greatest extent. The use of the hydrotime model to characterise and predict relief of combinational dormancy may be a very effective approach, especially for cultivars, which contains a small percentage of hard seeds. Red clover seeds do not need extreme temperatures or large amplitudes of temperatures alternation to break dormancy in temperate climates. Our results acknowledged the advisability of sowing red clover in autumn because exposition to winter and early spring conditions allow seeds to reach a high vigour and successfully emerge in spring.
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