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The relative partition of trialkyltin and dialkyltin chlorides into the phosphatidylcholine membrane was estimated with a fluorescein dye attached to the phosphatidylethanolamine headgroup (Fluorescein-PE). Changes of pH in the vicinity of the membrane, caused by the adsorption of charged organotin compounds onto the surface, are measured with Fluorescein-PE. Measurements show that dialkyltin and trialkyltin chlorides at low concentrations (below 4 µM) adsorb onto the membrane surface in the charged form and that their relative partition depends on the length of the hydrocarbon residues. Tributyltin chloride was found to be the exception. Its effect on Fluorescein-PE fluorescence in the lipid bilayer was a complex dependence on its concentration in the sample, suggesting conformational changes in the lipid bilayer.
Celem podjętych badań było określenie aktywności przeciwutleniającej wodnych ekstraktów z czerwonej porzeczki i żurawiny w odniesieniu do błony erytrocytów oraz mechanizmu odpowiedzialnego za tę aktywność. Oznaczono skład polifenolowy ekstraktów z zastosowaniem metody chromatografii cieczowej z detektorem diodowym i masowym (UPLC-DAD-MS). Spektrofotometrycznie określono współczynnik podziału związków zawartych w ekstraktach pomiędzy fazę organiczną i wodną. Aktywność przeciwutleniającą ekstraktów wobec błony erytrocytów zbadano metodą fluorymetryczną na podstawie stopnia gaszenia fluorescencji sondy DPH-PA, indukując utlenianie błon erytrocytów związkiem AAPH. Fluorymetrycznie określono również lokalizację w błonie erytrocytów związków polifenolowych zawartych w ekstraktach. Stwierdzono, że owoce czerwonej porzeczki i żurawiny są bogate w związki polifenolowe, szczególnie w antocyjany i procyjanidyny. Wykazano, po zastosowaniu sond fluorescencyjnych, że polifenole zawarte w ekstraktach nie przenikają do części hydrofobowej błony, na co wskazuje brak zmian w anizotropii fluorescencji. Łączą się natomiast z regionem główek polarnych na powierzchni błony, zmieniając ich upakowanie, na co wskazuje zmniejszenie uogólnionej polaryzacji. Dowiedziono, że związki polifenolowe zawarte w ekstraktach skutecznie chronią błonę erytrocytów przed szkodliwym działaniem wolnych rodników indukowanych związkiem AAPH w środowisku wodnym. Ponadto wykazano, że aktywność przeciwutleniająca ekstraktu z czerwonej porzeczki (IC₅₀ = 4,59 μg/ml) jest zbliżona do aktywności standardowego przeciwutleniacza, jakim jest Trolox (IC₅₀ = 3,9 μg/ml), oraz że jest ona wyższa od aktywności ekstraktu żurawiny (IC₅₀ = 12,02 μg/ml).
Anthocyanins are one of the main flavonoid groups. They are responsible for, e.g., the color of plants and have antioxidant features and a wide spectrum of medical activity. The subject of the study was the following compounds that belong to the anthocyanins and which can be found, e.g., in strawberries and chokeberries: callistephin chloride (pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride) and ideain chloride (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside chloride). The aim of the study was to determine the compounds’ antioxidant activity towards the erythrocyte membrane and changes incurred by the tested anthocyanins in the lipid phase of the erythrocyte membrane, in liposomes composed of erythrocyte lipids and in DPPC, DPPC/cholesterol and egg lecithin liposomes. In particular, we studied the effect of the two selected anthocyanins on red blood cell morphology, on packing order in the lipid hydrophilic phase, on fluidity of the hydrophobic phase, as well as on the temperature of phase transition in DPPC and DPPC/cholesterol liposomes. Fluorimetry with the Laurdan and Prodan probes indicated increased packing density in the hydrophilic phase of the membrane in the presence of anthocyanins. Using the fluorescence probes DPH and TMA-DPH, no effect was noted inside the hydrophobic phase of the membrane, as the lipid bilayer fluidity was not modified. The compounds slightly lowered the phase transition temperature of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The study has shown that both anthocyanins are incorporated into the outer region of the erythrocyte membrane, affecting its shape and lipid packing order, which is reflected in the increasing number of echinocytes. The investigation proved that the compounds penetrate only the outer part of the external lipid layer of liposomes composed of erythrocyte lipids, DPPC, DPPC/cholesterol and egg lecithin lipids, changing its packing order. Fluorimetry studies with DPH-PA proved that the tested anthocyanins are very effective antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was comparable with the activity of Trolox®.
The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of polyphenols contained in extracts from apple, strawberry and blackcurrant on the properties of the erythrocyte membrane, treated as a model of the biological membrane. To this end, the effect of the substances used on hemolysis, osmotic resistance and shape of erythrocytes, and on packing order in the hydrophilic region of the erythrocyte membrane was studied. The investigation was performed with spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods, and using the optical microscope. The hemolytic studies have shown that the extracts do not induce hemolysis at the concentrations used. The results obtained from the spectrophotometric measurements of osmotic resistance of erythrocytes showed that the polyphenols contained in the extracts cause an increase in the resistance, rendering them less prone to hemolysis in hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride. The fluorimetric studies indicate that the used substances cause a decrease of packing order in the hydrophilic area of membrane lipids. The observations of erythrocyte shapes in a biological optical microscope have shown that, as a result of the substances’ action, the erythrocytes become mostly echinocytes, which means that the polyphenols of the extracts localize in the outer lipid monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane. The results obtained indicate that, in the concentration range used, the plant extracts are incorporated into the hydrophilic area of the membrane, modifying its properties.
The antioxidant activity of two new series of pirolidinium chlorides (PAC-n) and bromides (PAB-n) was studied. The antioxidant functional group was incorporated into the polar part of the compounds. The influence of the compounds on the degree of lipid oxidation in the erythrocyte membrane subjected to UV radiation was studied. It was found that all the salts used protected erythrocyte membranes against oxidation of membrane lipids. Their antioxidant activity increased with alkyl chain length. PAB compounds were stronger oxidation inhibitors than PAC ones. Possible reasons for such behaviour are discussed, taking into account the fluidity changes in erythrocyte membrane caused by the compounds studied. In order to do this, steady-state measurements of fluorescence anisotropy were performed, enabling to calculate the anisotropy coefficient.
The hemolytic activity of some newly synthesized aminomethanephosphonic acid derivatives was studied. The compounds studied differed in their polarity and the hydrophobicity of the electronic substituents at their nitrogen and carbon atoms. It was found that acyclic aminophosphonates exhibited significantly stronger hemolytic properties than cyclic aminophosphonates. To cause the same level of hemolysis of pig erythrocytes, it was necessary to use about a tenfold higher concentration of cyclic aminophosphonates than acyclic ones. The hemolytic activities of the compounds were related to the possibilities of their incorporation into the lipid phase of erythrocyte membranes. Once incorporated, they changed the fluidity of those membranes; the changes were more pronounced in the case of cyclic aminophosphonates. Acyclic compounds were also found to exhibit a slight antioxidative activity, which may be a consequence of their stronger interaction with the membrane lipids. The results obtained in the experiments performed with the use of planar lipid membranes were similar to those obtained in the hemolytic studies, i.e., acyclic aminophosphonates interacted more effectively with those membranes. The general conclusion is that both stereochemistry and hydrophobicity are the factors that determine the efficiency of the interaction of the compounds studied with the model membranes used, and that most likely location of aminophosphonates is the lipid phase of the erythrocyte membrane. Another conclusion is that newly synthesized aminophosphonates may be used as potentially good pesticides.
The interaction of benzyltrimethyl- and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromides and chlorides with red blood cells and planar lipid membranes was studied. The aim of the work was to find whether the type of a counterion influence that interaction. The model membranes were pig erythrocytes and planar lipid membranes (BLM). A change of mechanical properties of these membranes was observed in the presence of the compounds studied. The measured parameters were a degree of hemolysis of erythrocytes and stability of BLM`s. The critical concentration of a compound was the measure of BLM stability.The lifetime of BLMs under such concentration of a compound did not exceed 3 min. It was found in each case that bromides influenced model membranes slightly stronger than the corresponding chlorides. A possible explanation of the results obtained is presented. Namely, it seems that the greater efficiency of bromides to destabilize model membranes in comparison with chlorides can be attributed to greater mobility and smaller radius of the hydrated bromide ion. This can be the reason why bromide anions modify surface potential of model membranes more efficiently, which in turn leads to more intensive interaction of bromides with such modified bilayer in comparison with their analog chlorides.
The interaction of two series of new surfactants with an incorporated anti-oxidant functional group, with erythrocytes and planar lipid membranes was stu-died. The surfactants were synthesized to be potentially used as common bio-cides or as agents protecting biological and/or model membranes against lipid peroxidation. Both applications need the use of such bifunctional surfactants in significantly different concentrations. The aim of this work was to find the concentration range in which the surfactants studied could be used as biocides. Two different models were chosen; pig erythrocyte and asolectin planar membranes. The studied parameters of these models were hemolysis of red blood cells and the stability of BLM in the presence of the compounds studied, i.e., the parameters describing the mechanical properties of the model membranes used. Additionally, the role of counterions in the interaction of bifunctional surfactants with model membranes was studied. It was found that both homologous series of the surfactants influence model membranes to different degrees, depending on the length of their hydrophobic part and the kind of counterion. In the latter case it seems that the differences in the hydrated radii of bromide and chloride ions, and hence the differences in their ability to modify electrostatic interaction between the lipid polar heads and compounds studied, are responsible for the effects observed.
The results of studies on hemolytic and antioxidative activities of quaternary ammonium bromides and chlorides differing in alkyl chain length and with functionalized antioxidative group are presented. Pig erythrocytes (RBC) and their ghosts were used in experiments. The hemolytic studies permitted to determine the safe concentrations at which the compounds studied did not damage RBC membranes. RBC were then UV-irradiated and the antioxidative efficiency of the quats determined. It was found that hemolytic activities increased with lipophilicity of a compound and each bromide salt was more hemolytic than chloride ones. The antioxidant activity of the quats followed the same rule. The results obtained indicate that observed effects are the consequence of the incorporation of particular compounds to different depths into the lipid phase of the RBC membrane. The incorporation depended on lipophilicity of quats and the kind of counterions. Studies on fluidity changes induced by quats in ghost membranes confirmed the above conclusion.
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