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Succesful propagation of selected clones and cultivars of Actinidia kolomicta (Maxim.) Maxim., A. arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch, ex Miq., Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl, ex Spach and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott has been achieved by in vitro methods. It has been demonstrated that the intensity and pathway of microvegetative propagation depend on the properties of plant species, genotype and sex. Under in vitro conditions, actinidia multiplicated by forming shoots from apical meristems and auxiliary buds of shoots, dwarf Japanese quince and black chokeberry - by new adventitious shoots. For in vitro development, male plants of actinidia species demanded opposite ratios of auxins and cytokinins than the female plants. They worse adapted to in vitro conditions. Multiplication coefficient in the fourth week was as follows: Actinidia - 1.3-4.5; Chaenomeles – 1.9-4.1; Aronia - 14.3.
The interest in phenols and anthocyanins has increased due to their antioxidant properties and to their potential usage as dietary antioxidants in human nutrition. Total phenols and anthocyanin content, composition and stability in berry extracts of blackcurrant interspecific hybrids, and antioxidative activity of extracts was evaluated. Berries of interspecific hybrids accumulated 530 to 614 mg 100 g-1 FW of total phenolic compounds, while 621 mg 100 g-1 FW of phenolics was established in berries of control Ribes nigrum cultivar 'Ben Tirran'. 'Ben Tirran' berries accumulated 444 mg 100 g-1 FW of anthocyanins and higher amount was identified in berries of interspecific hybrids No. 11-13 (R. nigrum × R. petraeum) and No. 57 (R. nigrum × R. aureum), 522 and 498 mg100 g-1 FW respectively. Berry extracts of hybrid No. 11-13 distinguished by the highest antioxidative activity (80%) and it was higher than antioxidant activity of 'Ben Tirran' (70%). Antioxidative activity of all tested berry extracts (70-80%) was twice higher compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT (39%). However correlation between phenolics or total anthocyanin content and antioxidative activity degree was not established. Amount of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside in berries of hybrids No. 57, No. 11-13 and No. 8 ((R. nigrum × R. americanum) × (R. nigrum × R. americanum)) was higher than in berries of 'Ben Tirran'. It was established that cyanidins are more stable anthocyanins in all studied temperature and irradiation conditions. Therefore interspecific hybrids No. 57 and No. 11-13 were the most agronomically valuable hybrids.
Usefulness and efficiency of different in vitro techniques (micropropagation, distant hybridization with using embryo rescue techniques and desired trait screening) in fruit plant breeding program was shown, basing on the results of studies realized in Department of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology of Horticulture Institute in Kaunas. Under the optimized conditions, the efficiency of plum micropropagation was 3-6 shoots per explant. In micropropagation of Japanese quince the highest rooting average (about 43%) was obtained at a medium pH lower than 5.0. The most important factor of embryo rescue efficiency was the time of isolation (43rd day after pollination). Results of in vitro screening of desired plant characters were confirmed by in vivo analysis at the level from 20 to 100%, depended on poly- or monogenic type of trait.
Changes in physiological and genetic indices of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. due to the impact of cadmium at different substrate acidity and nutrition were studied under controlled conditions in phytotron. The amount of photosynthetic pigments, stem diameter, sap flow rate, the mitotic index of cells and inhibition of cell mitosis were investigated. Cadmium in acidic environment produced a very toxic effect on growth, the synthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids and stem diameter, sap flow rate of L. esculentum. Cadmium suppressed the mitotic index of cells and disorganized normal mitosis. The mitosis with anomalies (chromosome breaks, fragmentation, bridges, chromosome eliminations and abnormal nucleus divisions) was observed in meristem cells of roots of L. esculentum. It was concluded that nutrient deficiency led to evident plant growth retardation, and higher nutrient favoured plant growth under the effect of cadmium.
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