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Legumes and herbs are valuable elements of the meadow sward. In the conditions of extensive meadow-pasture management, for example in protected areas where first cut harvest is delayed, they determine to a large extent fodder quality, for instance total protein content. The aim of the study was the evaluation of total protein and crude fibre contents, as well as dry matter digestibility of chosen legume and herb species from extensive grasslands. Research was conducted in the years 1998-2000 before first cut harvest (June – first ten days of July) in the Olsztyn Lake District. Together, 444 plant samples were studied. The determinant for sample uptake location was the occurrence of phytocenoses with at least 5% area coverage (2 in the Braun-Blanquet scale) with chosen legume species: Trifolium pratense L., Trifolium repens L., Lotus corniculatus L., Lathyrus pratensis L., Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr., and Vicia cracca L., as well as herbs: Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., Achillea millefolium L., Plantago lanceolata L., Alchemilla vulgaris L., Heracleum sibiricum L., and Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. Average total protein content in the legumes oscillated between 176.9 and 196.6 g·kg⁻¹. Total protein content in herbs usually reached 100-120 g·kg⁻¹ for Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg., Achillea millefolium L. and Alchemilla vulgaris L. and 140-160 g·kg⁻¹ for Heracleum sibiricum L. and Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. Research demonstrated that the legumes contained significantly more total protein and crude fibre than herbs, where no significant differences were found between the particular legume species. However, in the case of herbs, significant diversification of those components occurred, and the highest amount of protein and at the same time the lowest amount of fibre was accumulated by Heracleum sibiricum L. and Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. Legume digestibility reached 60-65%. Among the herbs, higher digestibility was characteristic for Heracleum sibiricum L. (74.1%) and Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. (74.4%), whereas the lowest one for Achillea millefolium L. (62.2%).
In the present research an effectiveness of soil fertilisation with lower dosages of nitrogen combined with top supplying with a 10% water solution of carbamide was compared with that of the standard test soil fertilisation (PK + 220kg N/ha). A similar reaction of meadow sward in both cases of nitrogen feeding was observed. Fertilising the soil only with 55 kg of N/ha along with foliar fertilisation caused neither a decrease in the yield nor its quality. The application of the second spray for the second cut did not cause any decrease in yield, however it had positive effect on the content of total protein and crude fibre in the feed. A significant impact of the subsequent years of fertilisation on the combined effect of soil and foliar nitrogen fertilisation with carbamide solution was noted.
The proteins level and activities of acid and alkaline proteases in whole body extracts of drone prepupae of Apis mellifera naturaly infested with Varroa destructor were studied. The infested and a non-infested group did not differ significantly in their total protein content. However, some differences in protein profiles were found. A lack of three protein fractions of moderate and lower molecular weight in infested prepupae was noted. Moreover, some differences in the quantity of protein in most of the fractions were observed. The activity of acid proteases from infested prepupae was lower (p < 0.05) compared with the activity of these proteases from the non-infested one group. The infested drone had higher activity of alkaline proteases than non-infested but this difference was not statisticaly significant.
In rats exposed for 28 days (5 hours a day) to ozone at a concentration of 0.5 ppm and receiving alpha-tocopherol at doses of 4.5 mg/rat and 15 mg/rat, levels of acute phase proteins (APP) - C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin (Cp), total protein, gamma-globulins, and activity of lysozyme in blood serum were studied. The assays were performed in the presence of respective control groups, i.e. rats receiving the same doses of alpha-tocopherol but not exposed to ozone, a group of animals not supplemented with vitamin but exposed to ozone, a group of animals injected with physiological fluid and a control group not subjected to any of the treatments. The study revealed that the ozone-exposed animals had an increased lysozyme activity and a decreased total protein level. However, in rats protected by alpha-tocopherol and exposed to ozone, the concentration of APP, lysozyme activity and total protein were found to be decreased. Similar relationships also occurred in animals receiving alpha-tocopherol and not exposed to ozone.
The biological value of fodder is estimated on the basis of its content of particular macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). Concentration of these components in fodder depends on many factors, mainly on the properties of soil, type of land use and growth phase of crops. The aim of this paper was to estimate the effect of soil properties, land use and species composition of a sward mixture on the content of macroelements, total protein and acid detergent fibre in grass-legumes sward. In 2002-2005 a field study was carried out on mineral and organic soil in Sosnowica (near the Wieprz-Krzna Canal). Two land use types were tested: pasture (sward grazed by cattle) and simulated (sward frequently cut, proportionally to the grazings). Six grass-legumes mixtures were sown, including the following species: Poa pratensis, Festulolium braunii, Festulolium loliaceum (2 strains), Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis. Tetraploid hybrids of Festulolium loliaceum [Festuca pratensis (4x) x Lolium perenne (4x) were obtained at the Institute of Plant Genetics PAS in Poznañ. Pasture sward was grazed by Limousine cattle 5-6 times during the grazing season, while the simulated sward was cut at the same time. Chemical composition of fodder (total protein, ADF, P, K, Ca, Mg) was estimated. Sward on organic soil was characterized by a significantly higher content of total protein, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium as well as a significantly lower content of potassium in comparison to sward on mineral soil. Moreover, a significantly higher content of potassium and significantly lower content of magnesium in pasture sward were observed. Sward was of perfect quality (content of ADF) and had an optimum content of basic macroelements. No influence of the examined species in the mixtures on feed quality was observed. Consequently, compared to the other species, Festulolium loliaceum hybrids prove to be suitable for to pasture mixtures in a postboggy habitat.
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Effect of sulfur on the quality of winter rape seeds

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The paper presents the results of three-year (2000-2003) experiments to determine the effect of the date of sulfur application (fall + spring or spring only) and the fertilizer rate (0, 30, 60, 90 kg⋅ha-1) on the usability of winter rape seeds. The pre-sowing and the spring rates of sulfur as well as the rate applied entirely in the spring did not lead to significant variations in crude fat concentrations, but a clear tendency towards an increase in the total protein content was observed in rape seeds. A one-way increase was reported to the level of 60 kg S⋅ha-1. An increase in the sulfur rate (regardless of the date of application) to 90 kg⋅ha-1 raised the concentrations of alkene glucosinolates, mainly gluconapin and progoitrin, and – to a lesser degree – of indole glucosinolates, mainly 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, in rape seed cv. Lisek. The splitting of the total sulfur rate into two rates (fall + spring) caused a higher increase in the concentrations of gluconapin, progoitrin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin than a single rate application in the spring.
Analizowano zawartość chlorofili, karotenoidów, białka ogólnego i fenoli w ekstraktach liściowych otrzymanych metodą termiczną z soku lucerny (odm. Natsuwakaba) w obecności antyutleniacza ETX, jak również preparaty otrzymane poprzez wysuszenie całego soku w stosunku do preparatów uzyskanych z soku bez modyfikacji chemicznej.
The objective of the study was to compare the chemical composition of leg muscles of six duck strains. A total of 60 drakes out of four flocks of conservative (Miniduck K2, Polish Pekin P33-native, Pekin population-typeA3, synthetic Polish flock SB) and two breeding strains (A55, P66), aged seven weeks, were used for the study. The content of protein, lipids, moisture, essential amino acids, fatty acids and cholesterol were estimated. The muscles of K2 contained less lipids than the remaining ones. Fat of A55 and P66 leg muscles contained the least cholesterol. No significant differences in protein and moisture content were found. Isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) are amino acids limiting the biological value of meat proteins from leg muscles of A3, P33 and K2, and tryptophan (Trp) for A55, P66 muscles. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were predominant in the muscle fat of all flocks. The fat of A55 muscles contained the most UFA. The highest level of PUFA was determined for K2 muscles. The PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios were 0.74-0.92 and 4.17-5.66 respectively. The lipids of A55 were characterized by the best fatty acid profile among the investigated muscles’ fat. Taking into consideration the nutritive value of proteins, cholesterol content and profile of fatty acids, A55 leg muscles appeared to be the most favorable from the perspective of human health.
Przedstawiono wyniki badań składu chemicznego makuchu rzepakowego. W pobranych próbkach materiału roślinnego oznaczono zawartość suchej masy, popiołu surowego, zawartość tłuszczu, zawartość azotu ogólnego oraz energii metabolicznej brutto, a także zawartość 26 pierwiastków (makro- i mikroelementy oraz wybrane pierwiastki śladowe, w tym metale ciężkie). Uzyskane dane opracowano statystycznie. Stwierdzono, że makuch rzepakowy jest bogatym źródłem azotu oraz makro- i mikroelementów przydatnych w nawożeniu roślin.
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