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Bone marrow examinations were performed in a group of 10 Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows aged 2 years, which had been diagnosed with BVD/MD infection in a PCR screening test. Prior to bone marrow sampling, peripheral blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. Bone marrow was sampled from the third and fourth ribs in the sternal region, and it was placed in test tubes containing no anticoagulant. Smears were stained by the MGG method. The aim of this study was to demonstrate changes in the process of hematopoiesis in animals with clinical signs of BVD/MD. The results of the analysis revealed changes in erythrocyte, macrocyte-macrophage, lymphoid and granulocytic cell lines. There was a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the peripheral blood and polychromatic and ortochromatic erythroblasts in the bone marrow. A decrease in leukocyte counts below reference values resulted mainly from a decrease in the number of neutrophilic metamyelocytes, eosinophilic myelocytes and banded eosinophils. Moreover, a decrease in the number of megakaryocytes was observed in the megakariocytic system. BVDV infection causes changes in the activity of the hematopoietic system.
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The aim of the present study was to analyse epidemiological, cytological, laboratory and clinical data from canine acute leukemia (AL) cases. The study was conducted from 2009 to 2015, and included 2384 dogs undergoing cytological examination in two veterinary practices in Warsaw. The analysis included dogs in which bone marrow cytology revealed acute leukemia, regardless of its subtype. Data on breed, age, sex, as well as clinical signs and results of haematological examination were collected for every dog. Breed predisposition to acute leukemia was calculated by statistical methods on the basis of the theoretical distribution of canine breeds in Poland. Acute leukemia was diagnosed in 31 dogs (24.7%) undergoing bone marrow cytology, that is, in 1.3% of all the dogs examined by cytology during the study period. The disease was diagnosed mainly in adults, and a strong predisposition was found particularly in German shepherds and Golden retrievers. The median duration of clinical signs from the onset to diagnosis was 14 days. The clinical signs were mostly non-specific (apathy, recurrent fever, lack of appetite), whereas lymphadenomegaly or/and splenomegaly were observed more seldom. Hematology revealed neoplastic leukocytosis in 75% of dogs, whereas anemia and trombocytopenia were observed in 86% and 85% of patients, respectively. Regardless of the leukemia subtype, prognosis was poor. In conclusion, it can be stated that according to current knowledge on canine acute leukemias, bone marrow cytology based on routine staining methods is sufficient for correct diagnosis in a vast majority of cases.
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