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Sugar beet pulp is a very suitable material for anaerobic biodegradation. This work investigates anaerobic treatment of sugar beet pulp in a pilot plant. The pilot plant consisted of an acidogenic reactor (volume 5.3 m(3)) and an methanogenic reactor (volume 3.5 m(3)). It was found that designed technology was convenient for both, high degradation of beet pulp dry matter and sufficient specific biogas production. Recommended organic loading rate for the acidogenic reactor was 20 kg, COD m(-3) d(-1), hydraulic retention time 4 days, and maximum content of acidified pulp (dry matter) in this reactor - 6-7%. During the operation period, the organic loading of the methanogenic reactor achieved was 21 kg COD m(-3) d(-1). Hydraulic retention time in this reactor varied from 27 days (at the loading 3 kg m(-1) d(-1)) to 3.9 days (at the loading 21 kg m(-1) d(-1)). An average value of specific biogas production was 0.391 m(3) per kg of dried beet pulp added. The average efficiency of dried pulp matter degradation was 91.5%.
The effects of preliminary acid treatment and magnesium sulfate addition during hydrogen peroxide kraft pulp bleaching was evaluated. The magnesium retention level is similar after the acid treatment and after chelation. Independently of differences in native magnesium contents in pulp the addition of magnesium sulfate stabilizes hydrogen peroxide and limits its ability for delignification. Magnesium charge should be optimized for each type of pulp. Too low or too high level of magnesium causes the decrease of brightness and limits delignification. While the excess of magnesium does not influence negatively the degree of polymerization of cellulose.
The fermentation of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers and juices using various microorganisms: the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis, a distillery yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a yeast with inulinase activity was investigated. Jerusalem artichoke carbohydrates in mashed tubers and juices were acid and enzymatic hydrolysed before fermentation by the bacterium and a distillery yeast. Although enzymatic hydrolysis with an inulinase gave less reducing sugars it was significantly more efficient in fermentation process. The ethanol yield after enzymatic hydrolysis (expressed as % theoretical yield) was 78.3-90.0% and 72.4-84.2% for the bacterium and yeasts respectively in tubers as well as 78.3-88.1% and 74.4-82.2% for the bacterium and yeasts in juices. The yield was 2.0-9.2% higher than after acid hydrolysis. The yeast with an active inulinase yielded better when juices were used for fermentation than on mashed tubers.
Mulberry is grown worldwide. Its leaves are used to feed the silkworms which in turn produce silk fiber. Sericulture is mostly practiced in China, India and Japan. In the rest of the world, mulberry is generally used as forage in animal production, or for other purposes. Besides using the leaves, mulberry bears sweet fruit. The full-bodied flavor of this fruit is a good balance of sweetness and tartness with nutrient elements of vital importance for human metabolism. If these fruits are industrially exploited for various commercially valuable products, mulberry can become an important crop throughout the world. This paper presents a visualization of mulberry and the industrial exploitation of mulberry fruits for the global scenario. Mulberry can be used for making jam, jelly, pulp, fruit drink, fruit sauce, cake, fruit tea, fruit powder, fruit wine, food colorant, diabetes control agent and as ruminant livestock feed. It can also be used in the pharmaceutical industry. It opens a new vista for industrial exploitation of mulberry fruits worldwide. Such a use of the mulberry has been overlooked for the sake of using only mulberry leaf for the sericulture industry.
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