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Psychotherapy of the unemployed: determinants of efficacy

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The unemployment in Poland has recently achieved, and stabilized at, quite a high level. Therefore, the development of psychotherapeutic tools aimed at supporting the unemployed has become an issue of great importance. The number of persons seeking professional help at outpatient mental clinics due to psychosomatic disorders linked to job loss has been sharply on the rise. These patients present with sleep disorders, dysphoric mood changes, sustained somatic pains, lack of goal and satisfaction in life, and the like. This article shows, as exemplified on individual cases and group therapies, the patient’s work-up and also the types of activities from the border of medicine and psychology to support the mental state of the unemployed.
The manuscript printed below has been written by Prof Jerzy Konorski around 1970, a few years before his death in 1973. The manuscript has not been published before. It was recently discovered in Konorski's papers deposed in the Library of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology. In his critical review Konorski debates advantages and shortcomings of the physiological approach of Pavlov and purely behavioristic approaches advocated by Hull and Skinner. He supports close cooperation o behaviorists with neurophysiologists and neuroanatomists, with focus on the investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Konorski's ideas concerning the integration of the study of behavior and neurophysiology anticipated contemporary path of neuroscience. Indeed, his approach, which at that time appeared somewhat controversial, is universally accepted by contemporary neuroscientists. By contrast, physiological theories of higher mental functions formulated by Pavlov as well as deliberately anti-physiological approaches of Skinner and Hull have all but disappeared from serious scientific discourse. However, the same problems such as strongly promoted self-importance of some branches of neuroscience, the lack of inter-communication between different branches and resulting lack of integrating ideas appear to emerge anew in each new generation of scientists. (Editors of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis).
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Jozefa Joteyko 1866-1928

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Background: Sense of coherence is believed to be the main indicator of health-oriented behavior. Therefore, it is interesting to find out to what extent the sense of coherence moderates health behavior of physical education teachers. Material/Methods: In order to address this issue, 477 physical education teachers were examined (n♀ = 235; n♂ =242) aged 23-62 (M = 40.05; SD = 9.09). Three methods were used in the research:Antonovsky’s The Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC-29), Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) by Juczynski and The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire by Cash. Results: Results indicate a positive role of the sense of coherence in adopting Prophylactic Behavior, Positive Psychological Attitudes and Health Practices. However, they do not confirm its role with regard to physical activity. Regression analysis showed that comprehensibility (♀:β = 0.20; p = 0.008; ♂:β = 0.16; p = 0.040) and manageability (♀:β = 0.27; p = 0.001) are likely to result in Positive Psychological Attitudes; and Fitness/Health Evaluation influences Fitness/Health Orientation (♀:β = 0.55; p = 0.000; ♂:β = 0.43; p = 0.000). Conclusions: The average indicator of subjects’ health-seeking behavior indicates a need for intervention in terms of health promotion and education amongst PE teachers. Changes in educating PE teachers may also be advisable.
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Obstructive sleep apnea and the quality of life

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Patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are unaware of clinical symptoms, such as cessation of breathing during sleep, decrease in blood oxygen levels, severe sleep fragmentation, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Equally worrying is a low level of knowledge among physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists of the intellectual and emotional impact of OSA. The illness may lead to anxiety, depression, psychosis, and other pathological symptoms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationships among OSA, quality of life, and psychological performance. STAI, UMACL, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Framingham Type A Scale, the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS), the Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were applied. The tests were used to describe the well-being and pathological symptoms, such as depression or anxiety, in a clinical group (newly-diagnosed, untreated OSA patients) in comparison with a control group (healthy volunteers). The results of the tests failed to substantiate the presence of significant differences between the clinical and control groups. We put forward a hypothesis that the rather unexpected lack of psychological differences might stem from a rapid mood improvement in OSA patients on anticipation of being diagnosed and taken care of in the hospital setting. Followed-up studies in the same patients are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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