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Comparison was made of effective and estimated loads of phosphorus and nitrogen coming from the catchment area to Lake Wadąg. It was concluded that the effective loads of phosphorus based on direct measurements were much similar to values obtained from the estimation method covering only diffused pollution sources. This seems to point out that external loads to lakes calculated as unit run-off of nutrients from dispersed, non-point (diffused) and point sources are too high (at least in the conditions of Pojezierze Olsztyńskie). Big discrepancies in run-off regarding effective nitrogen loads imply that the estimated values should be treated rather critically.
Phosphorus (P) in most regions worldwide is the most important nutrient, second only to nitrogen (N), with the potential to limit agricultural production. It is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, while the cycle of this nutrient in nature is also essential for humans and animals. In plants it is a component of organic compounds, which accumulate large amounts of energy used in numerous processes taking place in cells. Plants adequately nourished with phosphorus contain more vitamins and carotene, and less oxalic acid, which excess results in deterioration of quality of produced food and feed. At appropriate phosphorus nutrition plants achieve greater efficiency of photosynthesis and are characterized by improved water relations, as a consequence they produce higher grain yields and dry matter yields of the aboveground parts. This study presents original results of five field trails concerning different application methods for nutrients (N and P) in maize culture. Presented data come from controlled field trials, which were conducted at the Department of Agronomy, the Poznań University of Life Sciences.
Sediments, being the most important source of phosphorus (P) in the shallow (max. depth 7.2 m), polymictic Swarzędzkie Lake during the summer, were thoroughly studied in laboratory experiments with intact cores sampled at 7 stations in four seasons of the year. Under anaerobic conditions P release rates peaked in the samples from the deepest part of the lake at 26.86 mgP m⁻²d⁻¹. However, the highest rates were determined at one of the littoral sites (near the mouth of a polluted stream) at 59.5 mgP m⁻²d⁻¹. Littoral P release coincided with occasionally low oxygen concentrations (0.2 mgO₂ l⁻¹) above the bottom. On the scale of the whole lake, P release from the littoral zone, where both temperature and oxygen concentration were highly variable, had the strongest influence on the trophic state. It accounted for 63% of the annual internal load but only 55% of total lake area.
The paper presents seasonal changes in the concentrations of ammonia, nitrate and phosphate ions in podzolic soils under the Vaccinio uliginosi–Betuletum pubescentis and Empetro nigri-Pinetum plant communities. It results from the conducted investigations that the distribution and accumulation of mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus are considerably affected by atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity and precipitation. Analysed soils were characterised by a strongly acid reaction, which decreases with the depth of the soil profiles. A statistically significant correlation was found between the content of biogenic substances in soil and litterfall. The highest concentration of biogenic substances was observed in spring and summer months. Among analysed ions the ammonia form predominated, which mean content remained within the range from 0.12 to 6.69 mg/100 g d.m. Concentration of nitrates ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 mg/100 g d.m., while that of phosphates – from 0.04 to 3.09 mg/100 g d.m. The predominance of the ammonia and phosphate forms over the nitrate form in the organic horizons may result from their retention by the sorption complex. Nitrate ions exhibit greater mobility and are leached deeper into the analysed soil profiles.
The purpose of this paper was to compare two methods of fractionation of reactive phosphorus forms (RP) in bottom sediments of polymictic water reservoirs located in rural areas. As a criterion for estimation, quantities RP extracted in analyzed fractions versus the general content of Al, Fe and Ca were used. The sediments were collected in springtime, from rural areas with different land use in the drainage basin (arable fields, uncultivated land, farmyards). The sediments were collected with a KC-Denmark core sampler for bottom sediments, which makes it possible to collect samples leaving the upper structure of 6 cm in thickness intact. After mineralization, each sample was analyzed for the general phosphorus content and a speciation analysis was performed by two methods. With the first method (M1), the RP bonded to Al (Al_RP), Fe (Fe_RP) and Ca (Ca_RP) was determined. The second method (M2) was applied to determine fractions of reactive phosphorus released from the sediments under reduced conditions, mainly from bonds with iron and manganese (BD_RP), adsorbed on aluminium oxides mainly AL2O3 and other surfaces (NaOH_RP) and apatite phosphorus and bonds with carbonates. In almost all the sediments, most RP was determined in the phosphorus fractions with Ca extracted with acid solution. For the fractions obtained via the M1 method, more of the general RP, as well as phosphorus bonded to calcium and iron was found than for fractions obtained with the M2 method, and the differences might be attributed to translocation of phosphorus from organic to inorganic compounds during fractioning. The fraction of reactive phosphorus determined with the M1 method is correlated more strongly with the general content of the metal in the sediments than reactive phosphorus fractions determined with the M2 method. The strong correlation between the content of iron and the fraction of BD_RP in mineral sediments shows that it can be an indicator of the sensitivity of sediment to changes in the redox potential.
Water quality data from the upper Dunajec watershed collected by the state monitoring service in the last 25 years (1977-2003) were examined to asses the evolution of water quality indicators and evaluate the limnological status of the recently constructed Czorsztyn reservoir. The characterization of the watershed and its hydrology is followed by the presentation of physico-chemical and some biological descriptors. The discussion emphasises the temporal trends and links between various observations. It has been concluded that the deterioration of physico-chemical water quality of the upper Dunajec river observed between 1977 and 1988 has been partly reversed due to the construction of wastewater treatment plants and possibly due to the collapse of economic development in 1989.
Acid and alkaline phosphatase and phytase activities were determined in the bacteroid free fractions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) nodules at 15 days intervals, from 40 days after sowing (DAS) to 85 DAS. In general, the activities and specific activity of both the acid and alkaline phosphatases declined at 55 DAS. Out of the various substrates studied, ATP was the best substrate for both phosphatases. Activities of phosphatases with glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate were low in comparison to these with fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. The efficiency of acid phosphatase for utilizing fructose 1,6 bis phosphate as a substrate increased with nodule development. A fructose 1,6 bis phosphate specific acid phosphatase with elution volume to void volume (Ve/Vo) ratio of around 2.0 was observed in mature nodules (80 DAS). Acid phosphatase at 40 DAS was resolved into two peaks which were eluted at Ve/Vo of about 1.5 and 1.8. However, at 60 DAS the peak with Ve/Vo of 1.5 could not be detected. With ATP as substrate, a high (Ve/Vo of 1.2) and low MM form (Ve/Vo of 2.1) alkaline phosphatases were observed at 40 DAS however at 60 DAS stage only one peak with Ve/Vo of 1.7 was detected. Although, a low activity of acid phytase was observed in nodules at all stages of development but neither alkaline phytase nor phytic acid could be detected. It appears that the nodules acquire inorganic phosphate from the roots. The higher content of water soluble organic phosphorus in mature nodules could be due to the low activities of phosphatases at maturity.
This work aimed to measure the content of total phosphorus in mechanically separated meat (MSM) and in meat products comprising MSM. Eighty six samples of MSM (57 swine and 29 bovine samples) were used. Mean total phosphorus contents (x ± SD) in MSM from this samples were 0.263 ± 0.168 % and 0.33 ± 0.193%, respectively. Mean phosphorus concentrations in sausages and meat pie were 0.193 ± 0.041% and 0.164 ± 0.01%, and the contents of the phosphorus calculated as added were 0.166 ± 0.01% and 0.028 ± 0.014 %, respectively. The content of phosphorus in MSM depends on the sort of the raw materials used for the retrieval.
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