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Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a member of Lamiaceae family, is an important medicinal plant that has many useful properties. Copper is an essential micronutrient for normal plant growth and metabolism.The aim of this study was to examine the effects of copper sulphate and copper nanoparticles on morpho-physiological traits and essential oil composition of peppermint. Seven treatments of copper sulphate and copper nanoparticles in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/l) and control were applied in foliar application three times of the interval of 15 days up to flowering stages of peppermint in Karaj, Iran in 2015. Copper nanoparticles (1.0 g/l) increased chlorophyll content and essential oil percentage of 35% and 20% higher than control, respectively. The copper sulfate (0.5 g/l) increased dry matter yield up to 58% higher than control. The effects of treatments were significant on 17 out of 34 compositions. Copper nanoparticles (1.0 g/l) increased menthol, menthone and menthofuran content up to 15, 25 and 65% higher than in control, respectively. Foliar application of copper sulfate (0.5 g/l) and copper nanoparticles (1.0 g/l) in flowering stage were suggested for increase of dry matter production, essential oil content and composition, respectively.
The biostimulant products are able to improve quality and quantity of medicinal plants. The comparative effects of biostimulants foliar spraying on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) were investigated. These studies were done on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in 3 replicates during 2015. In field conditions, the highest leaves and stems dry weight by 400 mg/l chitosan (CH) + 400 mg/l citric acid (CA), essential oil content by 200 mg/l chitosan + 400 mg/l humic acid (HA) + 400 mg/l citric acid and menthol content in 200 mg/l chitosan + 800 mg/l humic acid + 400 mg/l citric acid were observed. In greenhouse conditions, the best results of those mentioned parameters were obtained by 400 mg/l chitosan + 800 mg/l humic acid + 400 mg/l citric acid, 800 mg/l humic acid and 400 mg/l chitosan + 400 mg/l humic acid + 400 mg/l citric acid, respectively.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Dar) leaves exposed to UV-B irradiation at a biologically effective dose of 9.5 kJ m-2d-1 showed decreased chlorophyll fluorescence parameter values versus the control; in peppermint (Mentha piperita L. cv. Asia) leaves those values were almost unchanged after treatment. Fv/Fo and Rfd were reduced more than other values, indicating inhibition of the oxygen-evolving complex and cooperation between the light and dark photosynthesis reactions as the primary targets of UV-B. The photosynthetic electron transport rate showed less change directly after irradiation, but after 24 h of recovery it was reduced to 50% of the control. Generally, photosystem II of peppermint leaves appeared more tolerant to the applied UV-B radiation than in cucumber leaves.
The studies on occurrence and some morphology elements of Phoma strasseri, the species not reported in Poland till now were carried out. The cultures of fungus were isolated from the stems and rhizomes of two-year-old plants showing symptoms of necrosis and softening of tissues. The morphology of conidia and pycnidia, character of the colonies growth and biochemical features of the examined isolates were the case for regarding this fungus as P. strasseri.
The effects of caraway and peppermint extracts was evaluated at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%, respectively on the radial mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. High significant inhibitory effect on radial fungal growth was observed with different concentrations of each of plant extracts. Concentration of 6% and more of the two extracts in combination were able to cause complete growth inhibition of the tested fungus. In greenhouse, the efficacy of plant extracts in addition to the fungicide Rizolex-T as seed dressing on pea root rot incidence was evaluated in pot experiment using soil artificially infested with the disease agent. All treatments showed a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with the control treatment. Rizolex-T followed by combination of caraway and peppermint extracts as a mixture showed superior reduction effect on root rot disease incidence at pre-, and post-emergence growth stages than individual treatment with each of extracts. The usage of caraway and peppermint extracts for seed dressing before sowing might be applied as control measure for controlling root rot diseases.
Peppermint, a medicinal plant with a history going back to the time of Egyptian pharaohs, is used in phytotherapy today and, unequivocally, will be used in the future. Mint herb, widely used in the preparation of herbal teas, is very popular in many countries, especially in West Germany and North Africa. Dried Menthae piperitae herba is a marketable good. The annual consumption of peppermint herb comes to thousands of tons. GC analyses of dry peppermint raw material of different origin obtained in the market have demonstrated considerable variance in medically effective components. In addition, the constituents of peppermint essential oil differed from those of herbal teas. Quality of herb raw material is important in production of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, what was showed in dissimilar pharmacodynamic effects.
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin in the air during processing of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) by herb farmers, and to examine the species composition of airborne microflora. Air samples were collected on glass fibre filters by use of personal samplers on 13 farms owned by herb cultivating farmers, located in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The concentrations of total viable microorganisms (bacteria + fungi) in the farm air during processing of peppermint herb were large, within a range from 895.1-6,015.8 x 103 cfu/m3 (median 1,055.3 x 103 cfu/m3). During processing of chamomile herb they were much lower and varied within a range from 0.88-295.6 x 103 cfu/m3 (median 27.3 x 103 cfu/m3). Gram-negative bacteria distinctly prevailed during processing of peppermint leaves, forming 46.4-88.5% of the total airborne microflora. During processing of chamomile herb, Gram-negative bacteria were dominant at 3 out of 6 sampling sites forming 54.7-75.3% of total microflora, whereas at the remaining 3 sites the most common were fungi forming 46.2-99.9% of the total count. The species Pantoea agglomerans (synonyms: Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter agglomerans), having strong allergenic and endotoxic properties, distinctly prevailed among Gram-negative isolates. Among fungi, the most common species was Alternaria alternata. The concentrations of airborne dust and endotoxin determined on the examined herb farms were large. The concentrations of airborne dust during peppermint and chamomile processing ranged from 86.7-958.9 mg/m3, and from 1.1-499.2 mg/m3, respectively (medians 552.3 mg/m3 and 12.3 mg/m3). The concentrations of airborne endotoxin determined during peppermint and chamomile processing were within a wide range 1.53-208.33 µg/m3 and 0.005-2604.19 µg/m3 respectively (medians 57.3 µg/m3 and 0.96 µg/m3). In conclusion, farmers cultivating peppermint are exposed during processing of this herb to large concentrations of airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin posing a risk of work-related respiratory disease. The exposure to bioaerosols during processing of chamomile is lower; nevertheless, peak values create a respiratory risk for exposed farmers.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of management practices and biofertilization on microbial activity in rhizosphere and yield of medicinal and aromatic plants. Field experiment was performed using four plant species: peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), and dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Treatments were arranged in a split-plot layout in four replicates using basic plots under conventional and organic management, and subplots with and without biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum). Organic management positively affected the microbial number and activity. Biofertilization increased the total microbial number (13–21%), number of ammonifiers (13–60%), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (7–36%), actinomycetes (36–50%), fungi (60–100%), cellulolytic microorganisms (57–217%), dehydrogenase (28–52%) and ß-glucosidase activity (15–39%). The effects of management practices and biofertilization were highly significant for the yield of examined plants. The yields were higher on inoculated treatments both in conventional (5–26%) and organic (7–15%) growing system.
Pathogenicity and ultrastructural investigation of the inoculation of peppermint stems and rhizomes with Phoma strasseri conidia was undertaken using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to examine the host-parasite relationship. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that all tested P. strasseri isolates had infected the stems and rhizomes of peppermint. Of all inoculation methods, direct placement of colonized agar plugs on damaged epidermis and soaking stems and rhizomes in conidial suspension were the most e#ective. !e behavior of the conidia deposited on the stems and rhizomes was investigated at different time intervals after inoculation: 6, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. Conidia produced an appressorium directly at the end of a short germ tube. Appressoria were formed over the cuticle, but never over stomata. Direct penetration to host tissue through the cuticle was observed. The spore and hyphae were covered with a mucilaginous sheath.
The objective of undertaken studies was evaluation in vitro conditions efficiency of eight fungicides from different chemical groups and three preparations of natural origin i.e. Biosept Active, Beta-chikol and Bioczos towards isolate M 365 Boeremia strasseri, obtained from peppermint rhizomes showing symptoms of black rot. Test were performed by poisoning the culture media. The percentage of inhibition of the growth of four- and eight-day-old colonies on the medium with preparations in the control colonies was a measure of activity of the preparations. Moreover, the microscopic observations of morphological structures of fungus were conducted. Within chemical compounds trifloxystrobin, tiophanate methyl and mancozeb pointed to be the most effective. The effectiveness of Beta-chikol and Biosept Active in limiting B. strasseri colony growth was higher than the efficiency of Bioczos.
In 2004–2006 there were studies on fungi colonizing and damaging different plant parts conducted. They were performed on productive plantations of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) grouped in South-Eastern Poland. Fungi were isolated from superficially disinfected roots, rhizomes, stem bases and leaves by means of a mineral medium. Fungi from Fusarium spp. including F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F. oxysporum were obtained in the greatest number from roots showing necrotic symptoms. The Phoma strasseri was commonly isolated from rhizomes and stem bases with symptoms of necrosis and tissue disintegration. Altenaria alternata was isolated from leaves showing symptoms of necrotic, irregular spots.
Laboratory analyses were conducted to compare the effect of two doses of morphologi­cally diversified English and French peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. var. officinalis) water extracts on linear growth, biomass and sporulation of selected Fusarium fungi. Obtained results revealed the strongest inhibitory effect of peppermint extracts only upon Fusarium sulphureum. In other analysed fungi (F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. avenaceum) no obvi- ous[fungistatic activity)of tested water extracts or their doses was registered.
Mięta pieprzowa jest jednym z ważniejszych surowców zielarskich, uprawianych na terenie południowo-wschodniej Polski, przeznaczonym na eksport do krajów Unii Europejskiej W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badania pozostałości pestycydów w mięcie pieprzowej w latach 2003-2005.
Jednym z większych rejonów uprawy mięty pieprzowej w Polsce jest gmina Michałów, położona w powiecie pińczowskim woj. świętokrzyskim. Udział tego gatunku w strukturze zasiewów poszczególnych gospodarstw w zależności od całkowitej wielkości gospodarstwa sięga od kilkunastu do kilkudziesięciu procent (18-39%). W badaniach gospodarstwa podzielono na 3 grupy: I - do 2 ha uprawianej mięty o średniej powierzchni gospodarstwa 8,5 ha, II - od 2 do 4 ha uprawianej mięty o średniej powierzchni gospodarstwa 11,3 ha oraz III - powyżej 4 ha uprawianej mięty o średniej powierzchni gospodarstwa 22,8 ha. Z dwóch form występujących w uprawie (mięta biała i mięta czarna), ze względu na wyższy plon uzyskiwany z hektara, większą popularnością cieszy się mięta biała (31 gospodarstw). Plantacje zakładane są najczęściej wiosną (33 gospodarstwa z badanych), a rzadziej jesienią (6 gospodarstw). Stosunkowo rzadko przeprowadzane jest odnawianie plantacji (co 8-13 lat). Technologia uprawy stosowana na plantacjach jest zróżnicowana. Najczęściej mięta uprawiana jest po zbożach, zwłaszcza po pszenicy, ale także po roślinach strączkowych (fasola) i okopowych (ziemniaki). Uprawki wiosenne to w przeważającej liczbie gospodarstw kultywator + brona (16 gospodarstw) lub agregat uprawowy (13 gospodarstw), rzadziej sama brona czy kultywator. Mięta pieprzowa zbierana jest w różnych fazach rozwojowych: przed kwitnieniem (19 gospodarstw), czasami w fazie pąkowania (9 gospodarstw) lub w czasie kwitnienia (6 gospodarstw). Suszenie ziela na kozłach jest najpopularniejszym sposobem (26 gospodarstw), często także stosowane jest suszenie na przystosowanym do tego celu poddaszu, a rzadko na pokosach. Średnie plony zielonej masy to 22 t·ha-1, a suchej masy 2,79 t·ha-1. Plony liści wynoszą średnio 2,25 t·ha-1, a zawartość olejku około 2,33%.
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