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Plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides increase in some pathological conditions, but very little is known about the effect of these vasodilator peptides on the regulation of the blood coagulation system. The fundamental role in the regulation of fibrinolysis is played by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). Recent studies demonstrate that natriuretic peptides can modulate PAI-1 expression in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells and rat aortic endothelial cells. In this report, we tested the effect of natriuretic peptides on PAI-1 expression in the human endothelial cell line (EA.hy 926). For this purpose, we treated the cell cultures with ANP, BNP and CNP, and modulation of PAI-1 synthesis was evaluated. We compared the effect of natriuretic peptides on synthesis and release of PAI-1 in unstimulated cells, and after activation with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Natriuretic peptides abolished TNFα-induced upregulation of PAI-1 expression at both the PAI-1 mRNA and the antigen levels. The inhibitory efficiency was higher in the case of CNP when compared to that produced by ANP and BNP, particularly when TNFα-stimulated cells were used. We observed an inhibition of stimulatory effect of TNFα on PAI-1 expression also at the level of the PAI-1 promoter in cells transfected with a PAI-1 promoter fragment (+71 to -800) [1], The PAI-1 promoter activity was markedly inhibited by C-type natriuretic peptide, already at a very low (0.001 µM) concentration of the peptide.
The anlage of the subarachnoid space is seen in embryos at stage 14 (33 days) in the innermost zone of the primary meninx as irregular spaces on the ventral surface of the spinal cord. At first this space is only on the ventral surface of the spinal cord. From stage 18 (44 days) on, when the dura mater proper is formed, the reticular tissue of the primary meninx and spaces are around the circumference of the spinal cord. These spaces gradually coalesce and contain many blood vessels.
The purpose of this study was to trace the histological structure of the transverse ligament of the knee and its relation to the inferior lateral genicular artery. Investigations were carried out on 20 lower limbs (10 males, and 10 females) from the Department of Anatomy. It was found that close to the attachment of the transverse ligament to the menisci, bundles of fibres pass in vertical, oblique and horizontal directions, occupying a wide area on the anterior margin of the menisci. These fibres intermingle with bundles of the fibrocartilage of the menisci. In the area of the lateral attachment the inferior lateral genicular artery passes anteriorly to the transverse ligament, giving off numerous branches to the ligament. The medial part of the transverse ligament presents a thick rounded structure, surrounded by loose connective tissue. The fibres are arranged irregularly in bundles running horizontally on a tortuous course and with single spindle-like cells with darkly stained nuclei. The cells are not found at the ends of the ligament. Numerous blood vessels are observed between the bundles of fibres and on the periphery of the ligament.
Importance is placed on aberrant arteries in the radiological and surgical literature. A normal left brachiocephalic trunk is characteristic for the right aortic arch. However, an aberrant left brachiocephalic trunk arising as the last branch of the aortic arch on the left side has not yet been described in the literature. Described here is a new variant of the retro-oesophageal aberrant left brachiocephalic trunk, occasionally observed in a patient during diagnostic investigation or surgical treatment for steno-obstructive involvement of the carotid district. The triple anomaly of the left aortic arch consisted of: 1. the presence of a hypoplastic left brachiocephalic trunk behind the oesophagus, 2. the absence of a brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and 3. separate origins of the arteries on the right side, with the right common artery preceding the right subclavian artery. In front of the trachea an 8-mm prosthetic PTFE was implanted from the proximal segment of the right subclavian artery to the junction of the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. The author demonstrates the inadequacy of auxiliary investigations to detect aberrant arteries, which may only be identified precisely intra-operatively.
We have performed a study about the incidence of the atherosclerotic phenomenon in the human facial artery, having observed an increase with aging. We also have researched the role of the smooth muscle cells in its genesis, with morphological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques.
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