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The life cycle of Eumegacetes artamii has been traced, using Thiara tuberculata as the first intermediate host, dragon-fly-naiads as second intermediate hosts and chicks as experimental definitive hosts. Cercaria, metacercaria and young fluke are described in detail. The cercariae are non-virgulate xiphidiocercous with 2 pairs of penetration glands and belong to "pusilla" group of Sewell 1922. The systematic position of the genus Eumegacetes is discussed.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method is widely used to assess the environmental impacts generated during the entire life cycles of products. The traditional process-based LCA (P-LCA), however, has some weaknesses. One of them is incompleteness resulting from the omission of environmental loads on the higher upstream orders of product system. This problem is called “truncation error.” There are some relatively new initiatives to combine the conventional P-LCA with the economic Input Output Analysis (IOA) in one general approach defined as a hybrid LCA. It allows solving different problems, even those which seemed to be unsolvable until now.
This is the first report on the ultrastructure of eggs in the cestode family Amabiliidae Braun, 1900. The gravid proglottides of Tatria biremis easily detach from the strobila. Their thick-walled saccate uterus contains numerous rounded or oval eggs measuring about 30-32 μm in diameter. In the early preoncospheral phase, three primary embryonic envelopes are formed around the developing and differentiating embryos, namely: (1) vitelline capsule originating from vitellocyte material; (2) outer envelope formed by two macromeres, and (3) inner envelope originating from a fusion of three mesomeres. Thus, both the outer and inner envelopes of T. biremis eggs are cellular in origin and syncytial in nature. During egg maturation, the three primary embryonic envelopes undergo differentiation into fully formed oncospheral or egg envelopes. Most significant changes were observed in the inner envelope which becomes progressively subdivided into 3 sub-layers: the extra-embryophoral sub-layer, the embryophore, and the intra-embryophoral sub-layer, containing mesomere nuclei. The mature hexacanth is covered by a thin layer of the oncospheral tegument. Within the infective hexacanth larva, five cell types were distinguished: (1) a binucleated subtegumental cell; (2) U-shaped penetration gland; (3) nerve cells; (4) somatic cells representing the myocytons of both somatic and hook musculature, and (5) large germinative cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of T. biremis eggs are compared with those described in representatives of other cestode taxa. Since the functional ultrastructure of cestode egg envelopes is defined by multiple factors such as the type of life cycles, habitats and behaviour of the intermediate hosts, mode of the intermediate host infection, etc., ultrastructural studies of the greater diversity of cestodes are needed to obtain comparative data for fruitful analysis of cyclophyllidean cestode adaptations to their diverse life cycles.
The development of the economics theory of value migration is the main goal of this paper. The required advances of understanding of this phenomenon call for clarification and distinction of related conceptions. Thus, this paper explains and compares the notions of value migration, capital migration, and a novel term, introduced in this paper – capital commitments’ migration – in order to provide a deeper understanding of migration processes happening on the related markets. This knowledge can be used to scan the lifecycle of business models to provide managerial guidance.
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Life cycle assessment of fertilizers: a review

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Life cycle assessment has become an increasingly common approach for identifying, quantifying, and evaluating the total potential environmental impact of production processes or products, from the procurement of raw materials (the ‘cradle’), to production and utilization (the ‘gates’) and their final storage (the ‘grave’), as well as for determining ways to repair damage to the environment. The paper describes life cycle assessment of mineral fertilizers. On the basis of results provided by life cycle assessment, it can be concluded that an effective strategy for protecting the environment against the harmful effects of fertilizers is to attempt to ‘seal’ the nutrient cycle on a global, regional, and local scale. Pro-environ- mental measures aim on the one hand to reduce resource utilization, and on the other hand to limit losses of nutrients, during both production and use of fertilizers. An undoubted challenge for life cycle assessment when used in agricultural production is the need for relevance at each scale.
This paper describes the retro-innovations and their importance for customers in the family life cycle. The accelerated rate of technological and social change left people disconnected and suffering from stress. The majority of social problems are symptoms of future shock. New products and services are designed to connect us with the past in ways that are nostalgic, interactive and environmental. This can be called an example of a unique kind of innovation – new technologies, new products or experiences that are designed around connecting us with the past that is nostalgic. Something called Retro Innovation.
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