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Currently, the use of insecticides is an acute problem. Due to rapid population growth, the primary task is to increase food production. Beyond abiotic factors (drought, soil salinity, etc.) that reduce crop yields, farmers face problems with insect pests that can decrease crop productivity up to 60%. Also, insects are carriers of severe viral and protozoan human diseases. The need for application of insecticides is not questioned but many of them cause resistance of insect pests to them. This, in turn, leads to the necessity to invent new insecticides that are safe and more effective for long-term use. Preparations based on conservative parts of nucleic acids, particularly contact DNA insecticides, could be used to solve insecticide resistance problem as control agents which are well-tailored to target insect pests. This mini review is devoted to these issues.
Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) (PB) is one of the most serious pest in rapeseed cultivations in Poland and in other European countries. The pest is known because of its high metabolic potency towards various toxins. Constant and strong selective pressure of different insecticides used to control this pest, has resulted in resistance of PB to many active substances. In connection with this situation, constant monitoring of pollen beetle susceptibility level to all recommended active substances of insecticides is necessary. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of active substances, most often used in Western Poland for PB control. Resistance of pollen beetle to some pyrethroid active substances and organophosphorous insecticide — phosalone and high susceptibility to chlorpyrifos-ethyl was found. Resistance of pollen beetle requires constant insecticide susceptibility level monitoring and using IRM strategy.
Zbadano oporność na permetrynę, deltametrynę, cypermetrynę, etofenproks, bendiokarb i propoksur prusaków odłowionych w szpitalach w różnych miejscowościach na terenie Polski.
Cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Payk.) is one of the most important and dangerous pests of oilseed rape in Poland and in other European countries. In contrast to another important oilseed rape insect pest – pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.), little is known about cabbage seed weevil susceptibility level to insecticide active ingredients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the cabbage seed weevil susceptibility to active ingredients from different insecticide groups. Research, carried out in 2015, 2016 and 2017 revealed very high susceptibility of the pest to organophosphates and all pyrethroid active ingredients, except for tau-fluvalinate, lower susceptibility to thiacloprid and very high resistance to indoxacarb from oxadiazines. This information is a basic element for creating integrated pest management strategies for oilseed rape in Poland.
Chemical plant protection is still an indispensable method in effective potato protection against Colorado potato beetle – CPB – (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in Poland. This species is able to develop strong resistance against all active substances used in chemical and biological insecticides. The phenomenon of resistance is variable in time and in space. Therefore the objective of the study was to determine the present susceptibility level of Polish populations of CPB to main groups of insecticides recommended in Poland for CPB control.
Insects’ resistance to insecticides is based on genetical mechanisms created during the time of evolution. Selective pressure of insecticides generates a quick increase of resistance in case of numerous insect species. The results of presented research showed that three pest species (Meligethes aeneus, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Leptinotarsa decemlineata) with similar control history, have showed a different level of susceptibility to esfenvalerate, acetamiprid and chlorpyrifos. To solve the problem of insect resistance to insecticides. the following requirements should be fulfilled: managing chemical plant protection, carrying out constant monitoring of resistance level and working out strategies preventing resistance phenomenon.
Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) and cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Payk.) occur very often at the same time in winter and spring oilseed rape in Polish climatic conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the susceptibility of pollen beetle and cabbage shoot weevil to the same, selected active substances of insecticides from the group of pyrethroids, organophosphates and neonicotinoids recommended in Poland. The studies were conducted with the use of contact-stomach method, which involves tested beetles exposition to treated leaves and inflorescences of host plants. The results indicated high or very high pollen beetle resistance to pyrethroid active substances (the exception was tau-fluwaliant to which the pest showed susceptibility or weak resistance) and some level of cabbage seed weevil resistance to neonicotinoids. The results clearly indicate that the protection of oilseed rape in Poland requires continuous monitoring of resistance level of both pests and regular update of control programs for both species.
Analiza substancji aktywnych i środków ochrony roślin dopuszczonych do stosowania w ochronie ziemniaka w roku 2003 i 2009 wykazała, że ich dostępność w Polsce znacznie zmalała. Największy spadek, o prawie 50% dotyczył liczby substancji aktywnych insektycydów, nieco mniejszy - 44% herbicydów. Liczba substancji aktywnych fungicydów i innych środków zmniejszyła się nieznacznie. Niektóre wycofane substancje mogły stwarzać zagrożenie dla środowiska. W sytuacji mniejszej możliwości rotacji substancji aktywnych oraz z uwagi na fakt, że ziemniak jest rośliną wymagającą intensywnej ochrony coraz większym problemem staje się zapobieganie wystąpieniu odporności organizmów szkodliwych na środki ochrony roślin.
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