Kernels of ancient hulled wheat species, Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccon, T. spelta, and threshable wheat species, T. polonicum, T. turanicum ('Kamut®'), were studied. Fusarium culmorum-infected kernels, classified as FDKs (Fusarium damaged kernels), were smaller, shrunken, wrinkled and lighter in colour than healthy kernels. The seed coats of the former were usually damaged, and white or pinkish-white mycelium formed on their surface. FDKs showed different fungal infection levels. Characteristic structural changes were noted in endosperm cells, including loosely arranged starch granules, a partial or even complete absence of the protein matrix enveloping starch granules, the disappearance of small starch granules and the presence of damaged large starch granules. The lowest degree of damage was observed in emmer and spelt kernels.
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