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Bee anesthesia has long been widely used in scientific research and for practical purposes. Bee anesthesia is usually induced with carbon dioxide. It is required for such procedures as populating mating hives and cages, introducing queen bees and instrumental insemination. The oxygen to nitrogen ratio may play a very important role in the process of awakening. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the survival rate of worker bees after the application of different concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in their recovery from anesthesia. The general purpose was to determine the optimal gas mixture for the fastest recovery and the longest survival of bees. The results of this study provide a basis for future experiments on queen bees aimed at accelerating the awakening from anesthesia with carbon dioxide during insemination as well as the initiation of laying eggs. The lowest bee mortality in the first days after awakening from anesthesia was observed in the group awoken in a mixture of 48.6% O₂ and 51.4% N₂, but the highest average survival rate was noted in the group awoken in 60% O₂ and 40% N₂.
Between 2011 and 2013, in laboratory cage tests, we compared life spans of bees reared in colonies kept on small-cell combs (cell width of 4.93 mm) that were either treated or untreated against varroatosis, as well as life spans of bees reared in colonies kept on standard-cell combs (cell width of 5.56 mm), both treated and untreated against varroatosis. Maintaining colonies on small-cell combs, combined with the lack of strong parasitic pressure from V. destructor, extended the life span of these bees in comparison with that of bees from standard-cell combs. The keeping of colonies on small-cell combs increased the longevity of bees reared on them and heavily infested by the parasites. Intensive infestation by V. destructor mites shortened the life span of bees, regardless of comb cell width, as confirmed by significant correlation coefficients between the parameters defining the scale of infestation and the life span of bees, while the specifics of the interrelation between the worker life span and the scale of infestation depended on the cell width (small/standard). Hence, comb cell width affects the biology of both the parasite and the host, as well as the relationship between them. Therefore, analysing biological connections between A. mellifera colonies and V. destructor in the context of different comb cell widths seems a very promising direction for research.
Circadian and seasonal changes in the susceptibility of honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers to intoxication by organophosphate, benzoylphenyl urea, carbamate, and oxadiazine insecticides have been studied from 2008 to 2009. Animals were collected in two apiaries located in the surroundings of Mielec and Tarnobrzeg in the Sub-Carpathian Province. The experiments consisted of intoxication by select xenobiotics of the subsequent groups of animals in two-hour intervals for a period of 24 hours and the analysis of their survivability. Experiments were carried out in spring and summer. The results suggest that the susceptibility of bees to different groups of insecticides varies significantly, both in the circadian and seasonal rhythms.
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