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The object of our study is soil fertilized with a variety of compost produced from unsorted municipal waste maturing in heaps for different lengths of time, and with green waste compost. Municipal waste composts were applied at rates of 10 and 30 g·kg-1 soil, whereas green waste compost was introduced to soil as 10 g·kg-1 soil. Processes that take place during compost maturation have resulted in an increased concentration f polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. More PAHs were determined in municipal waste composts than in green waste compost. Fertilization of soil with municipal waste composts increased the content of PAHs in soil, but in most cases the natural concentration of these compounds was not exceeded. However, the total PAHs more than 200 μg·kg-1 d.m. soil, which is above the natural content, were observed in the objects where the highest rates of one- and three-month-old composts were applied. In the objects fertilized with green waste compost, total PAHs (as well as the levels of particular compounds) were close to the values recorded for the control object.
This work presents the analysis of the effect of compost addition on leaching of mineral nitrogen from arable land, plant biomass production and soil properties. Compost used for experiment consists of the basic raw materials for the production of reclamation substrates in company CKB. These substrates are often used for restoring the damaged agricultural lands. Therefore, this compost was applied in increased doses (300% of recommended dose) to determine the potential impact on the parameters above. To demonstrate this effect, five variants with same doses of compost and different doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, were prepared. The highest decrease of mineral nitrogen leaching was observed by the simultaneous applications of soluble humic substances and compost to soil samples, about 400% in comparison with the control variant.
Passive aeration co-composting using four mixtures of chicken manure and swine manure at 1:0, 1:1, 3:7 and 0:1 with sawdust and rice husk was carried out to study the effects of co-composting on the physicochemical properties of the organic materials. The experiment, which lasted 66 days, was carried out in bins equipped with inverted T aeration pipes. The results showed that nutrient losses decreased as the proportion of chicken manure in the mixtures decreased for saw dust and rice husk treatments. This indicates better nutrientst conservation during composting in swine than chicken manure. Manure mixtures with rice husk had higher pile temperatures total carbon and total nitrogen losses, while manure mixtures with saw dust had higher total phosphorus loss and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Composts with rice husk demonstrated the ability to reach maturity faster by the rate of drop of the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
In a two-year study, manure, sewage sludge and MSW compost were applied to greenhouse soil. A tomato plant was grown. Soil samples were collected after harvest and total and DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd contents of greenhouse soil were determined. Sludge and MSW compost used in a 2-year period increased both total and DTPA-extractable concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in the greenhouse soil. Cd increase was detected only in “total” form in the second year, by sewage sludge and MSW compost treatments. Bioavailable Cd content of soil was found below the detection limit in all treatments. The amount of bioavailable metals in the greenhouse soil were significantly high for the sewage sludge and MSW compost treatments, almost including a 9-, 6- and 3-fold increase in Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively. Total and bioavailable metal contents of soil in sewage sludge and MSW compost applications were higher in comparison with manure application. In sewage sludge and MSW compost treatments, “total” concentrations of all metals were found below pollutant limits, but the increase in available fractions was more marked than those of total concentrations.
A study was carried out on the sorption of the sparingly water-soluble pesticide linuron in various types of soil with different levels of organic matter. The sorption isotherms of the pesticide were obtained in bathequilibrium experiments and the data were fit to Freundlich and Dual Reactive Domain Models. In general, the sorption was the highest for the soil with greatest content of soil organic matter. The study also points out the global problem of handling the sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants. We studied the compost made in Torun's Wastewater Treatment Plant during sludge fermentation. To characterise the compost organic matter UV-Vis and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy were used. Consequences of the compost use in agriculture are also discussed here. Particular attention is given to the changes in the behaviour of pesticides applied to soil in the presence of compost organic substances. The treatment of soils by the compost from sewage sludge may lead to increased retention or removal of hydrophobic compounds like linuron.
The comparison of degradation of modified poly(e-caprolactone) film in different environments is presented. Poly(e-caprolactone) was incubated in a natural environment ± sea water (the Baltic Sea), in buffered salt solution, in liquid medium containing sea water with NaN3 and in compost with plant treatment activated sludge (under natural and laboratory conditions). The characteristic parameters of sea water and compost with active sludge are described. Their influence on degradation of modified poly(e-caprolactone) is discussed. Weight changes, viscosity, tensile strength, DSC parameters of melting and crystallization and changes in morphology of polymer surface were tested during the period of biodegradation. In liquid medium containing sea water with sodium azide and in buffered salt solution the slow hydrolysis process of poly(e-caprolactone) was observed. In natural environments the poly(e-caprolactone) film was completely assimilated after seven weeks of incubation. This means that poly(e-caprolactone) modified by slip and anti-block one additives was very sensitive to an enzymatic attack by microorganisms present in the Baltic Sea water and in the compost with activated sludge under natural conditions.
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