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The complete nucleotide sequence of the cucumber (C. sativus L. var. Borszczagowski) chloroplast genome has been determined. The genome is composed of 155,293 bp containing a pair of inverted repeats of 25,191 bp, which are separated by two single-copy regions, a small 18,222-bp one and a large 86,688-bp one. The chloroplast genome of cucumber contains 130 known genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes (4 rRNA species), and 37 tRNA genes (30 tRNA species), with 18 of them located in the inverted repeat region. Of these genes, 16 contain one intron, and two genes and one ycf contain 2 introns. Twenty-one small inversions that form stem-loop structures, ranging from 18 to 49 bp, have been identified. Eight of them show similarity to those of other species, while eight seem to be cucumber specific. Detailed comparisons of ycf2 and ycf15, and the overall structure to other chloroplast genomes were performed.
The changes of the composition of growing medium and the fatty acid composition of Bacillus subtilis PO270, a bacterium isolated from the wheat rhizosphere, was evaluated during different phases of growth. During growth alkalinity reaction of medium was observed and in late stationary phase of growth the release of proteins and phenolic acids from cells was observed. Twenty six fatty acids were detected. The most prominent fatty acids found in bacterial cells were 15:0 a, 15:0 i, 17:0 a and 17:0 i. Depending of a phase of bacterial growth, their contents varied from 86.5 to 88.9% of total fatty acids. The remaining fatty acids identified, including regular saturated and monounsaturated as well as iso- and anteiso-branched, 2- and 3-hydroxylated, cyclopropane and odd-numbered derivatives, were present in minor amounts. We have demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of this bacterium changes greatly in different growth phases. These structural changes represent re-arrangement of membranes, which keeps the bacterial cell fit during growth and counteracts the effects of the changing environment.
Three accessions of winter savory (S. montana) and two other perennials from Satureja genus (S. amoena and S. coeuela) were compared in respect of the content and composition of essential oil, and tannin content as well. The content of essential oil ranged from 0.70% to 1.90%. The main component of essential oil in all accessions was carvacrol. In two populations (5. amoena from Poland and S. montana from Canada) it constituted more than 70%, in three other about 40%. The important constituents were also: γ-terpinene and p-cymene. The content of γ-terpinene ranged from 6.49 to 17.28% and p-cymene from 5.58 to 29.98%. S. coeuela from Austria was characterized by high concentration of terpinene-4-ol (13.92%). The content of tannins in herb ranged from 2.31 (S. montana from Canada) to 4.01% (S. coeuela from Austria).
The aim of this work was the analysis of essential oil from fruits of Archangelica officinalis received from Central Station of Seed Production in Bydgoszcz, and essential oil com­pounds occurring in fruits extracts. Essential oil was obtained as a result of steam water distillation and solvent extraction was done with hexane and methylene chloride. Analysis of essential oil compounds was done by using GC/MS method. The major components of essential oil are monocyclic terpenes (a- and ß-phellandrene, a-pinene and p-cymene) and sesquiterpenes (a-humulene, germacrene D, a-zingiberene, ß-farnezene). The most im­portant compound of extracts from angelica fruits is ß-phellandrene. The percentage con­tent of ß-phellandrene in essential oil fraction occurring in hexane extract was 64.3%, and in methylene chloride extract 38.0%. The aim of this work was also chromatographic analy­sis of fatty acids. GC analysis showed, that the major compound was oleic acid (18:1).
The cholesterol content differed (P<0.05) between breast (49.5 mg/100 g) and back (74.3 mg/100 g) fat. Differences (P<0.05) in individual fatty acids were found especially for arachidonic acid (20:4).High contents of 18:2, 18:3 and 20:4 from both depots suggest, that ostrich fat could be a source of essential fatty acids in human and animal diets. The influence of various factors and especially feeding regimen on quantity and quality of ostrich fat should further be investigated.
The aim of the study was quantitative and qualitative analysis of essential oil from underground organs (rhizomes with roots) and aboveground organs (basal and stem leaves) of Rhaponticum carthamoides plants cultivated in Polish climatic conditions. Both underground organs and leaves of R. carthamoides were characterized by low content of essential oil (0.07-0.11%). The content of essential oil in underground organs of 2-year-old plants was slightly higher than in those of 3-year-old plants. The dominant constituents of essential oil, both from underground organs and leaves appeared to be geraniol and β-caryophyllene. Relatively high percentage of linalool was also observed. There were no clear differences in the composition of essential oils from 2- and 3- year-old plants.
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of raw meat material composition, citric acid level (0.1 or 0.15%) and storage time at 10°C (2 or 6 days) on properties of sausage imitating salami. As modification of meat raw material composition, part of the binding component - unfrozen 2nd class beef (lean, with high connective tissue content) was replaced by frozen 3rd class pork (also lean, with high connective tissue content). The amount of 2nd class beef in the formula was 30 or 10%. Modification of technological process applied in the experiment brought no advantages. The diminished amount of binding component and/or increased citric acid addition did not accelerate drying of the sausage during storage at 1()°C. The changes in the formula were detrimental to quality characteristics of the product. Storage at 10°C slightly improved texture (bind) of the sausage (as a result of drying). It did not cause significant changes in other sensory scores and pH.
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