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Whey protein (WP) is a highly nutritious, commercially available alternative food source that is used primarily as a food supplement by athletes and physically active individuals to provide them with essential amino acids and bioactive peptides, and additional benefits have been attributed to WP consumption. In this context, the objective of this review was to explore current evidence regarding the consumption of different WP supplements in sports nutrition to elucidate their efficiency in affecting muscle hypertrophy, physical performance, response to muscle injury, weight loss, and body composition changes. Furthermore, these effects were assessed by comparing whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and whey protein isolate (WPI) supplementation. Supplementation with WPI or WPC was related to increased muscle protein synthesis (MPS), and WPH caused muscle hypertrophy and improved physical performance. Compared to WPC and WPI, WPH improved peak torque associated with strength training without reducing the creatine kinase (CK) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in this type of physical activity, and the decreases in CK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) associated with aerobic exercise were significant. Supplementation with WPC resulted in weight loss, satiety, and improved body composition, without compromising whole-body lean mass loss. WPH was more effective than WPC and WPI regarding improved peak torque and muscle hypertrophy associated with strength training, and WPH reduced muscle damage associated with aerobic exercise via decreased CK levels.
Four fermented probiotic beverages, three based on a mixture of cheese whey and soy preparation, and one on a soy preparation solely were evaluated. The products were fermented with selected probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium breve, B. infantis, B. animalis/lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, and Streptococcus thermophilus, used in the form of synergistic sets. After fermentation, the beverages were supplemented with processed fruits, and subsequently, their sensory properties were evaluated by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). Eighteen attributes for the investigated products, describing odour, appearance, taste, and consistency, were defined. The results obtained showed that during fermentation and subsequent fruit supplementation non-desired attributes of the soy preparation, like beany taste and flavour as well as aftertaste disappeared, and pleasant fruity, slightly acidic and sweet tastes appeared. All beverages were appraised with relatively high overall score (7.07-7.82 out of 10) over the control non-fermented soy preparation (score 1.13 out of 10). The final products, as new probiotic beverages, were characterised with good sensory properties, and in addition a high cell number of the probiotic bacteria (about 109 cells/mL).
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