Issues of bioethanol produced in Brazil were presented, in particular volume of production in the period 2008-2012 and forecast in 2013-2014. The brief history of Brazilian biofuels was described. The schema of the process of bioethanol production from sugarcane was discussed. The production costs of ethanol from a variety of materials were showed. The structure of Brazilian ethanol exports were presented. Selected aspects of bioethanol sector produced in Brazil and Poland were compared.