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The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels in mares during peripartum period. Twelve pregnant mares (Group A) were weekly monitored from the last 6 weeks before foaling (6BF-1BF) until the first 3 weeks after foaling (1AF-3AF). Twelve non-pregnant non-lactating mares constituted the control (Group B). Jugular blood samples were analyzed for plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentration. ACTH showed higher values (P<0.05) at 1BF compared to the postpartum data points (1AF, 2AF and 3AF) in Group A. Cortisol levels were higher (P<0.05) at 1BF and 2BF compared to the 3AF in Group A. A significant positive correlation between ACTH and cortisol values was found in mares from Group A throughout the peripartum period (Pearson’s r=0.40; P=0.0028). The Dunnet’s test showed lower ACTH values in Group A at postpartum data points than control, and higher cortisol levels in Group A throughout prepartum times and at 1AF than control (P<0.0001). The decrease of ACTH and cortisol levels found during the early postpartum period could indicate a reduced HPA response to physical and/or psychological stress during this physiological phase. This could help the mare to protect against stress-associated inhibition of lactation, relieve psychological stress, and enhance her immune function. Further studies involving the evaluation of prolactin and sex steroid hormones values are needed to fully understand the dynamic hormonal changes occurring in pregnant and lactating mares in order to permit clinicians to make appropriate interpretation of the results.
Stress is considered to be a risk factor of several diseases. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) single exposure to an intensive stressor is followed by endothelial stimulation and/or damage to endothelial cells, (2) potential stress-induced endothelial cell damage is reduced by repeated pretreatment with pentoxifylline and (3) pentoxifylline treatment modifies neuroendocrine activation during stress reflected by changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function. Rats were treated with saline or pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg, s.c.) once daily for 7 days and then exposed to single immobilization stress for 20 or 120 min. In saline pretreated rats, stress exposure was followed by a rise in endothelaemia, von Willebrand factor concentrations, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone release, as well as by enhanced gene expression of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRH). Stress-induced changes were reduced by pretreatment with pentoxifylline. Significant inhibition was observed in endothelaemia, plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentration in the adrenals. Thus, signs of endothelial injury as well as stress-induced hormone levels were reduced by pretreatment with pentoxifylline, although there is no evidence for a causal relationship. This protective action of pentoxifylline might be of benefit in the prevention and therapy of some stress-related disorders.
A large body of evidence suggests that epidermal melanocytes are an integral part of the skin immune system and can be considered immunocompetent cells. Recently, it has been reported that human melanocytes constitutively express Toll-like receptors and may be involved in the induction of several inflammatory cytokines. In the study the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by cultured normal melanocytes was investigated after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. LPS increased the secretion of IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1β stimulated release of IL-6 and TNF-α by melanocytes, whereas LPS activated production of TNF-α, but not of IL-6. These observations indicate that LPS can participate in the regulation of cytokine activity in normal human melanocytes and suggest that cytokines released by melanocytes could affect melanocytes themselves or/and other cells of the epidermis.
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