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The present article concerns selected components of the tourism potential of the Kampinos National Park. The aim of the study is to examine the economical capabilities of environmentally valuable areas by referring to the rule of sustainable development. The present analysis has looked in particular on basic tourism resources including the elements of tourism infrastructure within the park’s area. The Kampinos National Park is unique on the European scale due to its location, natural and landscape values. Its high tourist potential is appreciated by numerous visitors. Conclusions: The Park’s environment needs to be properly managed and protected. The present preservation economy of the park should be altered so as to follow the sustainable development rules. Such an approach ensures preserving natural values in an unchanged state and contributes to the improvement of economical living conditions of the local community.
The energy equivalence rule assumes that the scaling of population density with body mass is inversely proportional to the scaling of individual metabolic rate. As a result, the total population energy use, calculated as the product of individual metabolic rate and population density, is independent of body mass. Here we evaluated the validity of this rule at the scale of a single community of mammals. Strong linear dependencies were found between log-transformed individual metabolic rate and log-transformed body mass as well as between body mass and density. The slopes of these relationships are close to the predicted |3/4| value and, in accordance with the energy equivalence rule, exhibit opposite values. The results however supported this rule only at the scale of the whole community. When small and large species were considered separately, population energy use increased with body mass. Analyzing these two groups separately strongly decreased the range of body mass considered. Body mass range seems to be a critical factor to find support for the energy equivalence rule at the scale of a single community.
Chionea (Niphadobata) lutescens Lundstr. and Boreus westwoodi Hagen were caught in Moericke’s trap during a snowy December in the year 2004 in Kampinos National Park.
Subject and purpose of work: The subject matter of research is the tourism demand within the areas of national parks and the purpose of the work was to characterize the demand realized at the Kampinowski National Park (KNP). Materials and methods: Research with the use of technique of surveying was conducted in the summer period of 2013 on a sample of 133 tourists resting in the vicinity of KNP. KNP was visited mainly by well-educated inhabitants of large cities (mainly Warsaw), middle aged. The most often used source of information by the researched group during the selection of specific facility was the internet, as well as word of mouth marketing. Results: During the stay physical activity was conducted-most frequently hiking and bicycle riding. Cultural sphere of the visited region also enjoyed large interest. Conclusions: Undertaking more in-depth research in the scope of demand realized within the areas of great natural values seems crucial. It would enable the creation of optimum offer as well as its effective promotion, which in turn should translate into development of tourism on the discussed arct of actions of preventive character or protective one within the terrains of this type. eas. Identification of behaviours and forms of activity conducted by tourists will enable also condu
Spatial activity and homing of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1V801 have been studied in the 100 years old alder wood (Carici elongatae-Alnelum Koch, 1926) in the Kampinos National Park near Warsaw. Six parallel trap lines of 600 m each were set. Each of external lines consisted of 100 live-traps. Between the two lines, <1 lines of 200 snap-traps in each were set at 100 m intervals. Individuals caught m live-traps were individually marked and released in the centre of the study area. During the study 613 bank voles were marked and 424 recaptures were recorded. Considerable mobility of animals was found (a high proportion of animals moved more than 600 m). Distribution of animals retrapped made it possible to determine hypothetical spatial patterns of homing. It is suggested that familiarity with the given area acquired during long distance movements help small mammals to find their way when homing regard" less of the nature of homing. Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland (RA); Department of Game Management, Agriculture University of Warsaw, Rakowiecka 26/30, 02-528 Warsaw, Poland (JB-W); Kampinos National Forest, Tetmajera 38, 05-080 Izabelin, Poland (EO); National Foundation for Environment Protection, Krzywickiego 9, 0U-078 Warsaw, Poland (AL, JS)
Communities of purple moor-grass meadows are generally decreasing. Many important problems of classification and phytogeography are connected with them. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate changes in species diversity that took place after mowing of Molinion meadows in Kampinoski National Park was discontinued from 1993 to 2006. Selected Molinion meadows in the park were evaluated in terms of their biological diversity. The data collected represented meadows that were still maintained, as well as meadows that had been abandoned at different times in the past. Biodiversity was evaluated using standard ecological indices and Disturbance Index (Z). In general, the Disturbance Index showed an increase in plant community forms that were abandoned or invaded by alien species. An association that was most like the typical form was seen in well maintained meadows, which suggests that the Disturbance Index continually rises with time after a meadow is abandoned. Ecological strategies and mowing tolerance were determined with the help of the BIOLFLOR database. Numerical classification revealed a highly diverse pattern of variability in the meadows examined. Correlations between ecological indicators and phytocenotic variability in Molinion meadows were also evaluated. Unmanaged meadows were compared to meadows in which meadow conservation management practices were carried out.
Ecologists agree that one of the main effects of human activity is the decrease in patch size in the landscape and hence an increase in ecotone length as a transition zone between adjacent ecological systems. Theoretical and practical importance of this concept has become one of the leading issues in current ecological research. The ecological importance of the ecotones was investigated, in the boundary of natural forest complex of the Kampinos National Park and adjacent anthropogenic ecosystems. Quantitative and qualitative changes of plant communities and of dipterans (Chloropidae) – important pests of wild and crop plants – were recorded along four types of transects located at the distance of 3 km: 1/ mixed forest (Querco roboris-Pinetum Mat. 1981) – ecotone – managed meadow (Deschampsietum caespitosae Hor vatic 1930); 2/ mixed forest – ecotone – crop field (Arnoserido-Scleranthetum R.Tx.1937); 3/ mixed forest – ecotone – spontaneously growing 20-year-old birch wood; 4/ mixed forest – ecotone – planted 17-year-old pine wood. The exchange of plant and dipteran species between forest ecosystem and its surrounding was analysed. The role of ecotones as transit zone or barrier for such exchange and as optimum or exclusive habitat for plant and dipteran associations was evaluated. Botanical studies showed that the neighbouring, ecotone-forming communities differed markedly in the vegetation structure and species composition (similarity index between them varied from 8 to 47%). Width of contact zones was also different, ranging from 4 to 14 m. Therefore, two groups of transects were distinguished: mixed forest – young woods and mixed forest – agricultural communities which differed in plant species richness and vegetation structure in particular transect zones. It created clear contrast between ecosystems and their ecotones. Some species were being found exclusively in ecotones but these species differed among different ecotones. The so-called ‘edge effect’ was manifested in increased number of plant species in the ecotone compared with neighbouring ecosystems, higher density of some populations and their better life condition (reflected in individual’s size, earlier entering subsequent phenological phases, fecundity). Chloropidae mainly dwelled the transect of mixed forest – meadow (60% of all caught in study area) and mixed forest – crop field (24%). Only 16% of dipteran species were caught in the transect of mixed forest – woods. Phytophagous species dominated in the first two transects (80–86% of the total number). Saprophagous species were 4–6 time less numerous there. The proportions of both trophic groups were more uniform in the transect of mixed forest – woods. Of the 44 Chloropidae species only 10 (22%) were widely dispersed in the study area and only two species – the dangerous pests Oscinella frit L. and O. pusilla Mg. were noted in all zones of all studied transects. In the transects of mixed forest and anthropogenicecosystems, only meadow and crop field created optimal habitats for Chloropidae They were ‘ecological traps’ that maintained over 66% of all dipterans caught in the study area. This finding contradicts the supposition of potential threat posed by these pests to protected forest grounds due to a proximity of nearby meadows and croplands. Similarly, there was no threat of penetrating the sustainable mixed pine forest complex by synanthropic plant species. They were mainly found in the crop field. Only 1/3 of these species permeated to the ecotone zone, but none to the forest.
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