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Ticks constitute important vectors of human and animal pathogens. Besides the Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis, other pathogens such as Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, are of increasing public health interest. In Poland, as in other European countries, Ixodes ricinus, the most prevalent tick species responsible for the majority of tick bites in humans, is the main vector of A. phagocytophilum. The aim of the study was to estimate the infection level of I. ricinus with A. phagocytophilum in selected districts, not previously surveyed for the presence of this agent. Sampling of questing ticks was performed in 12 forested sites, located in four districts (Legnica, Milicz, Lubań, and Oława) in SW Poland. Altogether, 792 ticks (151 females, 101 males, and 540 nymphs) representing I. ricinus were checked for the presence of A. phagocytophilum. The average infection level was 4.3%, with higher rate reported for adult ticks. The highest percentage of infected adults was observed in Milicz (17.4%) and the lowest in Oława (6.8%). The abundance of questing I. ricinus in all examined sites as well as the infection with A. phagocytophilum indicate for the first time the risk for HGA transmission in SW Poland.
The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence (the quantative and rate percent) of Ixodes ricinus in the popular recreation areas in Szczecin (Arkonka, Osów, Głębokie, Landscape Park of Szczecin, Dąbie Forest Park, Zdroje Forest Park) and in province of Szczecin (Forest of Goleniów, Ińsko, Pobierowo, Chojna). Investigations were performed in 1998 year, twice on each places; in May/June and repeted in September/October. The temperature and humidity of air were measured. Obtained specimens were regard of sex and growing stage during each collection. A total of 2.055 specimens collected 49% were nymphs, 13.9% female, 11.3% male and 25.8% larvaes. The nymphs the most frequently were in spring when humidity of air was 55% and temperature 24°C. The larvaes, in autumn were most frequently (31.4%) then in spring (20.5%) when the temperature of the air was 18-22°C, and the humidity from 60 to 85% during the collections.
Among Polish ticks species the most common Ixodes ricinus has the biggest medical importance. Within the last few years, the incidence of disease transmitted by ticks has rapidly increased. We have made a thorough analysis of the quantative and rate per cent of occurrence of various stages Ixodes ricinus in the forest areas of some places in Szczecin province and in the parks of Szczecin, that are known as highly recreative and frequently visted by meny people. A total of 426 (68% numphs) specimens collected there show that ticks frequently occupy habitats closely associated with man.
The occurrence of Ixodes ricinus in the selected recreative areas in the province of Szczecin. Part III. Within the last years, the incidences of diseascs transmitted by Ixodes ricinus tick have rapidly increased. We estimated the occurrence of Ixodes ricinus in the popuJlr recreation urban areas in Szczecin and in the Province of Szczecin. The study was carried out in 1999, with two samples at each site, and were compared with data of 1998. The temperature and humidity of air were measured. The most ticks were found in the range of 70-80% relative humidity of air. Among 3.198 specimens collected 59.5% were nymphs, 19.0% larvae, 11.1 % females and 10.4% males. The nymphs were the most frequent in spring and in autumn, while the larvae were most frequent in autumn (26.2%) then in spring (11.9%).
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. I.), the etiological agent of Lyme diesease, is transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ricinus. During May and September 1999, field surveys on Lyme disease spirochetes were conducted in three locations of a region of north-west Poland, known as recreational districts visited by many people. The ticks Ixodes ricinus were collected in natural habitats by dragging a flanel cloth over the vegetation. Sex and developmental stage of each tick were determined. Based on a polymerase chain reaction test with primers that recognize a chromosomal gene of all strains, out of the total 1414 specimens collected, 126 (8.9%) were found to be infected. the species B. burgdorferi s. 1. comprises at least three pathogenic genomospecies, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s. s.), Borrelia garinii, and Borerelia afzelii, witch could be distinguished in nested-PCR tests with species-specific primers. B. burgdorferi s. s. was most prevalent (96% of infected ticks), followed by B. garinii (1.3%), and B. afzelii. was not found. Of the infected ticks, over the 99% were infected with a single species; one specimens was infected with two species. For 4 ticks, the infecting species could not be identied. The difference in rates of prevalence was observed among the tree locations (17%-5.3%-3.2%).
Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks, Ixodes ricinus in Tarnowskie Góry district. Borrelia burgdoiferi is an aetiological factor of borreliosis (Lyme disease). The main vectors of Borrelia burgdoiferi are larvae, nymphs, and females of Ixodes ricinus. The aim of this paper was to analyse infection parameters of Borrelia burgdoiferi in a selected populations of Ixodes ricinus. The study was conducted in Tarnowskie Góry administrative district (Krupski Młyn, Zielona, Lubliniec, Tarnowskie Góry, Świerklaniec, Tworóg, and Zbrosławice). A total of 85 ticks were collected with a piece of cloth dragged over the vegetation. The Borrelia burgdoiferi infection was confirmed with a PCR method, using flagellin protein gene DNA amplification. DNA of Borrelia burgdeiferi sensu lato was present in 14 ticks, which constituted 16.5% of the population studied. The percentage of infected females and nymphs was 26.8%, 22.2%, and 5.6%, respectively. A high prevalence of the pathogen (50%) was in ticks revealed in the recreation areas and the community forest in Świerklaniec.
The visualisation of biological data based on the environmental monitoring of the incidence of ticks Ixodes ricinus (the main vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi) and the epidemiological data (based on the surveys of patients with the diagnosed Lyme disease) on digital maps allowed for the identification of areas with the most severe danger of the Lyme disease in Lower Silesia. The increased-risk areas include areas protected by law (Karkonosze National Park, Ślęża Landscape Park, Sowie Mountains Landscape Park), forest areas and city parks (Wrocław).
A total of 1,367 Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 5 districts of the Lublin region (eastern Poland) were examined for the presence of Babesia microti DNA by PCR and nested-PCR. As many as 74 ticks (5.4%) were found to be infected with Babesia microti. The infection rate varied significantly with stage/sex of ticks (chi2=16.48543, df=2, p<0.000264). The infection rates in females and males amounted to 6.4% and 8.8% respectively and were significantly higher (p=0.006 and p=0.0001 respectively) compared to minimum infection rate in nymphs that was equal to 2.8%. The prevalence of infection showed also a significant variability depending on geographic location within the Lublin region (chi2=18.62812, df=4, p<0.000932). The highest rates of infection with Babesia microti were noted in ticks collected from the areas of Puławy district situated in the northern part of region and the suburban Lublin district situated in the central part of the region (8.0% and 7.3% respectively). Mediocre infection rates (respectively 3.4% and 3.3%) were found in ticks from the Parczew and Włodawa districts situated in eastern part of the region and covered with humid lakeland forests. The lowest infection rate (0.5%) was noted in ticks from the Zamość district situated in southern part of the region. In conclusion, the infection rate of Ixodes ricinus ticks with Babesia microti found in this study is higher compared to the majority of data reported by Polish and other European authors, and indicates a potential risk of human infection during occupational or recreational exposure to tick bite.
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Occurrence of hard ticks in dogs from Warsaw area

86%
Ticks are known as a vector of many viral, bacterial, rickettsial and protozoan infections of dogs. The threat with particular tick-transmitted disease depends very much on the tick species which feeds on the dog. In this paper we present results of research designed to identify tick species which attack dogs in the Warsaw area. Ticks were collected from dogs presented for medical examination in veterinary clinics in different parts of Warsaw. All of 590 tick specimens found on dogs belonged to the family Ixodidae (hard ticks). The majority (64.6%) of the collected ticks were identified as Dermacentor reticulatus – vector of Babesia canis. The other tick species found on examined dogs was Ixodes ricinus. The male to female ratio was more than 3 times higher in D. reticulatus than in I. ricinus.
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