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The study was undertaken to show the possibility of wood swelling pressure determination on the basis of the time course of its mechano-sorptive creep induced by bending stress of different values and simultaneous moistening of the compressed zone.The creep was induced in the conditions of three-point bending of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.). The bending pressure applied in the radial direction was of the magnitude of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 of the mean destroying stress determined for the samples of moisture content of about 7%. Immediately after application of loading the samples were subjected to asymmetric moistening in the zone of compressive stress. For the sake of comparison also the free sorptive deformation of analogous samples was observed. On the basis of the linear relations between the deformation (recorded at specific time intervals during the process of mechano-sorptive creep) and the bending stress applied, it was possible to determine the values of the stress at which the samples would remain in the non-deformed state despite their asymmetric moistening. The maximum swelling pressure determined in this way is by about 50% greater than that found in the direct way.
13
75%
Sylwan
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1971
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tom 115
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nr 06
Germination and viability of stored European beech (Fagus sylvatica) seeds can vary depending upon the time when the tests are done during seed storage. To determine the possible sources of such variation the germination (GERM), germination rate expressed as mean germination time (MGT) and viability (VIAB) of six beechnut lots (three lots from two crop years) were determined monthly for one year using controlled laboratory conditions and standard tests. Higher GERM of some lots occurred when tests for stored seeds were carried out in spring and early autumn while other lots germinated better during summer tests. Similarly, different germination speed (dormancy release) and VIAB were observed in different months for different lots. However, no consistent seasonal fluctuation in GERM, MGT or VIAB of the beechnuts was observed in the tests. The reason for this fluctuation seems to be initial quality (germination and dormancy) of beechnut lots rather than any endogenous factors
The paper presents the inventory of place names (toponyms) connected to European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). This tree species reaches its eastern distribution limit in Poland and covers around 5.9% of forest area in the country. Due to the fact that its occurrence depends mostly on climatic conditions it is present on the west, north and south, but not in the central and eastern part of Poland. The aim of this study was to compare, using geographic information system (GIS) tools, spatial distribution of toponyms derived from the core ‘buk’ (i.e. beech in Polish) with present occurrence of this tree known from botanical studies, and its natural limits described in the literature. Thanks to National Register of Geographical Names 1314 topographic objects names derived from beech were determined and classified into several groups of origin. Around 38% of phyto−toponyms are names of settlements or their parts. The results of spatial analysis of this objects show great similarity with present day distribution of this species in Poland. As much as 75% of them are located within the area presently covered with Fagus sylvatica (according to European Forest Genetic Resources Program) and around 92% within its range limit. Some regions where the density of phyto−toponyms is quite high and which nowadays are covered by other species than beech were also delimited (e.g. Dalkowskie Hills or Bytów Lakeland). This results suggest that European beech may be the natural representative of local dendroflora, but due to the changes in land cover it was replaced by other species. This hypothesis seems to be confirmed by palaeoecological studies. Huge similarity of distribution of toponyms derived from beech and distribution of this tree known from the literature shows that this method have a great potential as a reliable, simple and cheap proxy in studies on the spatial range of the species.
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