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Nocek orzęsiony Myotis emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) i mroczek późny Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) są nietoperzami rzadko obserwowanymi w polskich Tatrach. Dotychczasowe stwierdzenia obu gatunków pochodzą głównie z okresu hibernacji. Status ich populacji w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym w okresie letnim i jesienią jest nieznany. Badania prowadzone w latach 2001–2011 potwierdziły występowanie obu gatunków w Tatrach, również poza okresem hibernacji. Nocka orzęsionego stwierdzono w zabudowaniach leśniczówki Zazadnia, w okresie rojenia w Jaskini Czarnej, Jaskini Wielkiej Litworowej oraz Jaskini Mylnej. Mroczek późny obserwowany był w leśniczówce Zazadnia oraz Jaskini Czarnej. Obserwacje wskazują, że gatunki te są trwałym elementem fauny Tatr i jako schronienia letnie mogą one wykorzystywać zabudowania znajdujące się w granicach Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego
Species dominance structure and selection of buildings by bats were studied during the breeding season in areas surrounding the well-preserved stands of Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF), potentially offering an abundance of tree cavities. Searches for bats were carried out during daylight hours and at evening emergence. Thirty eight of the 238 buildings surveyed from May to August, 2002 were used by 708 bats. Only three of the 12 resident species of bats occupied buildings, amongst these Vespertilio murinus and Eptesicus serotinus were the most common, found in 16 and 15 buildings, respectively. Pipistrellus pygmaeus was located in two buildings. This suggests that limited access to old-growth forests (potentially rich in tree cavities) may not be a crucial factor leading to the occupation of buildings by those species. Selection of buildings by bats was further investigated by comparing 14 characteristics of those buildings occupied by bats to those unused. Six of these characteristics were shown to have a significant influence. Using Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), the most important categories for selection were roof lining and building size. This would suggest that the criterion for the selection of buildings by these species is based not only on its location but on these key structural attributes.
The first European case of bat rabies was reported in 1954. Since then, more than 800 cases have been confirmed from 13 countries. The causative agents are European Bat Lyssavirus Type-1 (EBLV-1) and Type-2 (EBLV-2). The natural host of EBLV-1 seems to be the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) with more than 95% of all cases reported in this species. Although much fewer EBLV-2 cases have been identified, it seems that Myotis dasycneme and M. daubentonii are likely to be the principal hosts' species for this virus. The ecological mechanisms underlying the transmission of EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 are still poorly understood. In order to assess the public health risks associated with EBLVs and the implications for bat conservation, some issues need urgent clarification. In this review some of the most pressing topics will be addressed. Only collaboration between a range of disciplines that include virologists, epidemiologists and bat conservationists will be able to elucidate some of these unanswered questions.
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Birds and bats using buildings as a place of breeding or shelter.The presence of birds and bats was analysed in buildings intended for thermal refurbishment. Study material was collected in the years 2012-2016 in 336 buildings from 11 voivodships. For detailed analyses concerning birds, data from three voivodships were selected: kujawsko-pomorskie, łódzkie and mazowieckie. To determine differences in the location of bat roosts, buildings from all voivodships were compared. Bird nesting places and daytime bat roosts were divided into 22 locations. Regional differences in the occupation of buildings were analysed. For comparison, the analysed buildings were divided into churches, tenements, public buildings, and residential blocks. Buildings used by birds were also compared with respect to the degree of urbanization of their surroundings. Species-specific differences in their preference for occupying buildings of different types were analysed in birds. Birds were found in 78.9% of buildings and bats – in 8.9% of buildings. 2,250 bird nests in 265 buildings and over 1,000 bats in 30 buildings were inventoried. The bird species most often found in buildings were: the swift Apus apus (40.5%), house sparrow Passer domesticus (31.7%) and jackdaw Corvus monedula (9.9%). Bat species found in buildings included: the common noctule Nyctalus noctula, serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus, lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros, pipistrelles Pipistrellus and long-eared bats Plecotus. The house sparrow most often inhabited buildings in kujawsko-pomorskie voivodship and the swift most often inhabited buildings in mazowieckie and łódzkie voivodships. Birds in kujawsko-pomorskie voivodship most often built their nests under roofs and birds from mazowieckie and łódzkie voivodships in flat roof spaces. A total of 31 bat roosts were located in 30 buildings in five different locations. Bats most often occupied flat roof spaces and attics and least often occupied crevices behind the gutter.
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