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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with α-ketoglutarate (AKG) sodium salt on growth rate in relation to bone collagen formation during the first 70 d of postnatal life in piglets. The results show that dietary AKG supplementation increased body weight of the experimental piglets in comparison to the controls, especially between 21st and 56th d of life (P≤0.01). Moreover, the area of collagen trabeculae slightly increased in experimental age sub-groups and reached the highest differences between 14th (P≤0.01) and 70th d of piglets life (P≤0.001). In contrast, the highest values for the number of collagen trabeculae were observed in piglets at 3rd d of age, regardless of treatment group. The positive effect of AKG supplementation on the number of collagen trabeculae was found between 3 and 35th d of life, with statistical confirmation at days 14, 35, and 56 (P≤0.01). The data-lines of the bone strain showed similar course during the whole experimental period, except 56th d of life, when the experimental piglets reached statistically significant, higher values in comparison to the controls (P≤0.05). Similarly, the blood plasma osteocalcin reached the highest concentration in experimental sub-groups from 21st d oflife in comparison to the controls, with statistical significance at the age of 56 (P≤0.05). These data indicate that dietary AKG supplementation effectively stimulated collagen synthesis in young growing piglets, both before and after weaning.
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid with pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative properties. In this study, we determined the sensitivity of neurons and neuroblastoma cells on apoptosis and necrosis induction upon quercetin treatment. No expression of Hsp72 was observed in neurons, which were more sensitive to cell death upon quercetin treatment than neuroblastoma cells, where Hsp72 expression was observed. Reduction of Hsp72 gene expression in neuroblastoma cells by antisense oligonucleotides made them more sensitive to pro-apoptotic action of quercetin. Moreover, the flavonoid decreased Hsp27, procaspase-3, MRP and PKB expression in neuroblastoma cells and in neurons. Nuclear localization of mainly cytoplasmic Hsp27 was observed in neuroblastoma cells after treatment with high quercetin concentrations, while in neurons, the protein was present in nuclei both in control and quercetin treated cells. Our results suggest that quercetin induce apoptosis more effectively in cells with low level of Hsp 72 expression. Higher sensitivity of neurons for cell death after treatment with high quercetin concentrations in comparison to neuroblastoma cell line should also be taken into consideration in further studies on using studied flavonoid as therapeutic agent.
Localization of lipoxygenase (LOX) in the microspore of Gagea lutea (L.) Ker.-Gaw. was investigated with the immunogold labelling method. The enzyme was found in the cytoplasm, nucleus and sporoderm. The most intensive reaction was observed in the cytoplasm, where the immunogold particles were sometimes grouped into clusters of several or more and showed the highest density. The smallest amount of particles occured in the sporoderm. The role of lipoxygenase in the microspore is discussed.
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