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In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pmal mutations controlling the vanadate resistance of the H+-ATPase activity from the plasma membrane, map on chromosome VII in the vicinity of pdrl mutations controlling multiple drug resistance. However, the pmal-1 mutants exhibit a genotype and a multidrug resistant phenotype quite different from those obtained for pdrl mutants. Quantitative modifications of cycloheximide and N,N'-(p-xylylidene)-bis-aminoguanidine-2HCl resistance are observed in diploids containing the pmal and pdrl genes in trans configuration. Each of the pdrl mutations interacts with pmal as shown by a decrease in the ATPase activity in pdrl/pmal diploids. The in vitro resistance of ATPase activity to vanadate is totally or partially suppressed in pdrl mutants in haploid double mutants. These results suggest that the expression of PMA1 might be controlled by the PDR1 gene product.
The yeast ACR1 gene encodes a putative transcriptional regulatory bZIP protein involved in the arsenical resistance. We demonstrate that the ACR2 and ACR3 genes are positively regulated by Acr1p. Changes in the ACR1 gene dosage influence the ACR2-lacZ and ACR3-lacZ fusion genes response to the arsenite induction. Arsenic and antimony compounds, but not bismuth and cadmium salts, strongly induced the expression of the ACR3 gene encoding the arsenite transporter related to the prokaryotic ArsB proteins.
We investigated the action of the quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) called IM (N-(dodecyloxycarboxymethyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. Changes in the yeast cell ultrastructure were confirmed by electron microscopy. We treated resistant mutant cells with QAS, and confirmed destruction of the mutant cytoplasm, an increase in the thickness of the cell wall, separation of the cell wall from the cytoplasm, and the accumulation of numerous lipid droplets. We also observed a relatively high production of lipids in the cells of the parental wild-type strain Σ1278b and in its IM-resistant (IMR) mutant in the presence of the QAS. The IMR mutant showed increased sensitivity to CaCl2 and SDS, and resistance to ethidium bromide, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and osmotic shock. It also tolerated growth at low pH. We suggest that the resistance to IM could be connected with the level of permeability of the cell membrane because the IMR mutant was sensitive to this compound in vivo in the presence of SDS and guanidine hydrochloride, which cause increased permeability of the cell plasma membrane.
3-Bromopyruvic acid (3-BP) is a promising anticancer compound because it is a strong inhibitor of glycolytic enzymes, especially glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The Warburg effect means that malignant cells are much more dependent on glycolysis than normal cells. Potential complications of anticancer therapy with 3-BP are side effects due to its interaction with normal cells, especially erythrocytes. Transport into cells is critical for 3-BP to have intracellular effects. The aim of our study was the kinetic characterization of 3-BP transport into human erythrocytes. 3-BP uptake by erythrocytes was linear within the first 3 min and pH-dependent. The transport rate decreased with increasing pH in the range of 6.0–8.0. The Km and Vm values for 3-BP transport were 0.89 mM and 0.94 mmol/(l cells x min), respectively. The transport was inhibited competitively by pyruvate and significantly inhibited by DIDS, SITS, and 1-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Flavonoids also inhibited 3-BP transport: the most potent inhibition was found for luteolin and quercetin.
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