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To improve our understanding of the hierarchy of human induced modifications of the natural environment, with particular regard to the controlling strength of the habitat or chemical impacts, it was found to be appropriate to employ indicators at a molecular level. This paper examines the potential use of the analysis of the RNA/DNA ratio for the evaluation of the ecological status of two rivers of Central Poland. The study confirmed that analysis of the RNA/DNA ratio has the potential to be a sensitive indicator of river degradation. It is also a useful screening method for the evaluation of the impact of prolonged sub-lethal contamination of freshwater ecosystems dominated by tolerant fish species such as the perch, Perca fluviatilis L.
Proper multidimensional management of perch, common and one of the most abundant species in European freshwaters, is a challenge both from ecological and commercial perspective. However, all activity relating to the management of the perch must be based on good genetic knowledge in order to ensure a purity of species and further conservation of biodiversity. Therefore, in the present study, the mtDNA cytb and D–loop restriction analysis was applied in order to estimate genetic diversity within and among three perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) populations in reservoirs of Central Poland: Sulejów, Próba and Jeziorsko. Two out of nine, and two out of eight restriction enzymes were polymorphic for cytb and D–loop, respectively. Five different haplotypes were detected with the simultaneous occurrence of haplotype 1 in all three populations. Nucleotide diversity values within investigated populations were low (0.003 to 0.02). No significant differentiation (P = 0.248) among populations representing two different catchments of Pilica and Vistula rivers, was observed. The lack of genetic differentiation of perch populations is the first important element for the development of a strategy to regulate the perch in Polish river systems, with simultaneous reduction of fish in eutrophic reservoirs and increase in amount of perch, in sites favorable for fishing and aquaculture.
The application of ecohydrology principles as part of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has the potential to enhance the resilience of a catchment to anthropogenic impacts. Linking this approach with an understanding of water users and social and economic conditions in a given region, provides a foundation for the development of system solutions. Improving the quality of the environment, and the ecosystem services provided, can be a driver of new employment opportunities that contribute to both the overall economy of a region and sustainability. With these goals in mind, the paper presents a four-step approach for implementation of ecohydrology principles in IWRM, including a) monitoring of threats, b) analysis of the cause-effect relationships, c) development of methods, and d) system solutions. This approach was formulated and tested within a UNESCO-IHP and UNEP-IETC Demonstration Project on the Pilica River in Poland. This project aims to support fulfilment of Poland's obligations Resulting form the EU Water Framework Directive and other European directives, and constitutional obligations for sustainable development. Attempts to transfer lessons learned to other catchments and socio-ecological systems (such as urban catchments) are highlighted.
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