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The shape of adult mouthparts (proboscis) of all genera of Hyadinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) is provided, including variability of cibarium, lacinia and the number of pseudotracheae. Its usage in phylogenetic construction is documented. All ten genera are diagnosed, including the genus Lytogaster, which is formally restored from synonymy with Hyadina. The ventral receptacle of four genera (Garifuna, Parahyadina, Parydroptera and Pelinoides) and the male terminaba of Parahyadina are presented for the first time. Monophyly of the tribe is discussed and the relationships among genera of Hyadinini are proposed. Ten Hyadinini genera are grouped into four lineages 1) Pelina group with Pelina and Parydroptera, 2) Pelinoides group with Pelinoides, 3) Philygria group with Nostima and Philygria, 4) Hyadina group with Axysta, Lytogaster, Hyadina, Parahyadina and Garifuna.
The placement of the tribe Gastropini within the subfamily Gymnomyzinae, with the tribe Gymnomyzini as a sister-group, is supported. Validity for two genera Gastrops Williston and Notacanthina Macquart (senior synonym of Beckeriella Williston) is maintained. Particular characters of their proboscis, ventral receptacle and the male terminalia are presented. A key to species and habitus photographs of selected species of Gastrops and Notacanthina are provided. The following new combinations are proposed: Notacanthina clypeata (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1986), comb, nov., A. fasciata (Mathis & Grimaldi, 2000), comb, nov., N. filipina (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1994), comb, nov., N. gigas (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1986), comb, nov., N. longiventris (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1990), comb, nov., N. maculata (Mathis & Grimaldi, 2000), comb, nov., N. magnicornis (Cresson, 1934), comb, nov., N. paragigas (Lizarralde de Grosso 1991a), comb. nov., N. parapendicornis (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1992), comb. nov., N.pendicornis (Cresson, 1934), comb. nov., N. pseudoclypeata (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1991), comb, nov., N. schildi (Cresson, 1934), comb. nov., N. wirthi (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1998), comb. nov. N. brasiliensis (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1998) is treated as an invalid name of N. wirthi (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1998).
The 12 New World species of Leptopsilopa are reviewed, including the following new species (type localities noted parenthetically): L. andiana (Peru. Huánuco: Espensa, [11 km N Huánuco]), L.flavicoxa (Belize. Stann Creek: Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary [16°47'N, 88°30'W]), L. martharum (United States. Texas. Jim Wells: Mathis (7.5 km S; Nueces River; 28°02.2'N, 97°52.2'W; 15 m), and L. placentia (Belize. Stann Creek: Placentia Lagoon, Rum Point; 16°32'N, 88°21'W). Lectotypes are designated for Psilopa similis Coquillett, Psilopa varipes Coquillett, and Psilopa metallina Becker. The monophyly of Leptopsilopa is established, but only if the Old World species are excluded. The genus is most closely related to a lineage of species currently included in the genus Psilopa (the dupla group, including P. metallina), which is rendered paraphyletic by the recognition of Leptopsilopa as an included, monophyletic lineage. The New World species are arranged into two monophyletic species groups, the atrimana and the similis groups. Of the 12 species now recognized, 10 occur in the neotropics, where other undescribed species will probably be discovered.
Thirty-nine species of the shore-fly family Ephydridae that occur on islands of the Republic of Seychelles are reviewed. Included are keys to the appropriate suprageneric categories, genera, and species. Distributional data for all included species are presented, and new taxa are described and illustrated. Six new species are described (type locality in parenthesis): Psilopa victoria (Seychelles. Mahé: Roche Caiman Bird Sanctuary; 4°38.3'S, 55°28.1'E); Cerobothrium insulatum (Seychelles. Mahé: Port Launay; 4°39.2'S, 55°24.2'E); Schema aldabricum (Aldabra. South Island, Flamingo Pool); Orasiopa apiculata (Seychelles. La Digue: La Passe; 4°20.8'S, 55°49.8'E); Polytrichophora specula (Seychelles. Mahé: Anse Boileau (4°42.5'S, 55°28.7'E)); Hyadina munarii (Seychelles. Mahé: Airport). Psilopa giordanii Canzoneri is made a junior subjective synonym of Clasiopella uncinata Hendel, Enchastes scotti Lamb is made a junior subjective synonym of Placopsidella cynocephala Kertész, Hecamedoides pusillus Canzoneri is made junior subjective synonym of Discocerina hepatica de Meijere, Allotrichoma outambense Canzoneri is made a junior subjective synonym of A. argentipraetextum Lamb, and Discocerina (Ditrichophora) rattii Canzoneri is made a junior subjective synonym of Hostis guamensis (Cresson). Asmeringa ligabuei Canzoneri is transferred to the genus Cerobothrium as a new combination. Lectotypes are designated for the following nine species: Discomyza similis Lamb, Ceropsilopa longicornis (Lamb), Psilopa nitidissima Lamb, Allotrichoma argentipraetextum Lamb, Hyadina fenestrata Becker, Zeros fractivirgatus (Lamb), Zeros invenatus (Lamb), Parydra tuberculifera Lamb, Scatella septemfenestrata Lamb. The shore-fly fauna of the Seychelles is diverse, comprising at least 39 species (Table 3), and the populations of these species are generally stable and intact. Most species are adventive to the islands, many apparently being introduced during the last century. Most species have biogeographic connections with the Afrotropical mainland (22 species) and to a lesser extent with the Oriental and Australasian Regions (12 species). The few apparent endemics we identified (7 species or 18%) constitute far less than half the level of endemism that was reported for insect species generally (51%). The freshwater fauna of shore flies on the Seychelles is essentially undeveloped and is comparatively depauperate.
Broad descriptions of the genera of Discocerinini are provided for the first time. Two new genera are described: Galaterina with type species G. noonadan sp. nov. from Papuan Region and Orasiopa with type species O. millennica sp. nov. from Australasian Region. Lamproclasiopa Hendel is recognized as a genus (with Basila Cresson as its new synonym). Eleven new combinations are proposed: one in Discocerina, nine in Lamproclasiopa, one in Orasiopa. A phylogenetic reconstruction based predominantly on male terminalia is given. Eleven taxa treated as genera are grouped into three lineages: Gymnoclasiopa (most plesiomorphous, monotypic), Diclasiopa-group (intermediate with following genera: Diclasiopa, Ditrichophora, Hecamedoides, Pectinifer), and Discocerina-group (most apomorphous with following genera: Discocerina, Galaterina, Hydrochasma, Lamproclasiopa, Orasiopa, and Polytrichophora).
Supplementary diagnostic characters of genera in the tribe Discocerinini are suggested. A new genus Aquachasma Zatwarnicki, type species: Discocerina leucoprocta Loew, 1861 is described with 24 new combinations of all included species. Genus Polytrichophora is divided into the nominate subgenus and a new subgenus Sklodowskopa Zatwarnicki, type species: Clasiopa duplosetosa Becker, 1896. Genus Orasiopa is divided into the nominate subgenus and a new subgenus Reymontopa Zatwarnicki, type species: Discocerina mera Cresson, 1939. The shape of the proboscis of all genera of Discocerinini is provided, including variability of cibarium and pseudotracheae. The ventral receptacles of 6 genera (Aquachasma, Facitrichophora, Galaterina, Hydrochasma, Lamproclasiopa, and Pectinifer) are illustrated for the first time. Additional support for generic status for recently established taxa (Orasiopa, Lamproclasiopa, Galaterina, and Facitrichophora) is documented. The revised relationship among Discocerinini genera based mostly on proboscal characters is proposed. Four groups are distinguished -1) Gymnoclasiopa group with nominate genus, 2) Diclasiopa group with Diclasiopa, Ditrichopkora, Hecamedoides and Pectinifer, 3) Lamproclasiopa group with Galaterina, Lamproclasiopa, Orasiopa (subgenera Reymontopa and Orasiopa) and 4) Discocerina group with Aquachasma, Discocerina, Facitrichophora, Hydrochasma, and Polytrichophora (subgenera Polytrichophora and Sklodowskopa).
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