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The distribution of parasitic nematodes of dogs from three shelters for homeless animals in the Warsaw region (Celestynów and Milanówek near Warsaw, Paluch in Warsaw) was investigated. It was found that since our previous investigations (1993-1995) the prevalence of nematode infections had increased in Celestynów and Milanówek and decreased in the municipal shelter in Warsaw (Paluch). The highest percentage of infected animals was found in Celestynów (as in 1993-1995). What can be the importance of local environmental conditions for the prevalence of nematode infections.
Hookworms are very important blood sucking nematode parasites of humans and domestic animals. The host with a heavy infection can lose almost a cup of blood per day. This may contribute to anemia which is associated with many physical and mental developmental insults. The works on obtaining an effective hookworm vaccine have been lasting for about eighty years. Recent identifications of a number of bioactive molecules produced by larval and adult stages of Ancylostomatidae are very helpful for selecting of nematode proteins crucial for host-parasite interactions and promising vaccine antigens. Many of these molecules are involved in host skin penetration by infective larvae, intestinal tissue invasion and digestion of haemoglobin and/or other macromolecular substrates. However, the results of many vaccination trials using recombinant forms of these proteins showed no sufficient protection against experimental hookworm infections.
The purpose of this study was to specify the occurrence and prevalence of Babesia microti in hard ticks removed from dogs in Warsaw (central Poland). Among 590 collected ticks, 209 were identified as Ixodes ricinus, and 381 as Dermacentor reticulums. B. microti DNA was detected in 11 out of 590 (1.86%) samples of ticks. The DNA of the parasite was detected only in lysates from female I. ricinus ticks (11 out of 193; 5.7%). The result of this study is the first evidence of B. microti in I. ricinus ticks in Warsaw.
The potential tertiary structure of Ancylostoma ceylanicum cysteine proteinase was obtained by Automatic Program 3D-JIGSAW and used for finding homologues of known structure by VAST program. The results of computational analysis showed the presence of domains recognizing host immunoglobulins. Based on this analysis we suggest that this protein is involved in cleaving of host antibodies and therefore it may be promising vaccine candidate. In this paper we present the computational analysis of parasitic antigen which is very helpful in evaluation of the potential role of this protein.
Hookworms are blood feeding intestinal nematodes that infect more than 500 million people and cause iron deficiency anemia. Infected children suffer from physical and cognitive growth retardation. Because of potential anthelminthic drug resistance, the need for vaccine development is urgent. Numerous antigens have been tested in animal models as vaccines against hookworm infection, but there is no effective human vaccine. We cloned a cDNA encoding Ancylostoma ceylanicum metalloprotease 6 (Acemep-6). Ace-MEP-6 is a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 101.87 kDa and based on computational analysis it is very likely to be engaged in food processing via hemoglobin digestion. Groups of hamsters were immunized with an Ace-mep-6 cDNA vaccine, either once or three times. Animals that were administered one dose developed high resistance (80%, p < 0.01) against challenge infection, whereas triple immunization resulted in no worm burden reduction. These results suggest that DNA vaccines can be powerful tools in ancylostomiasis control, although the mechanisms through which protection is conferred remain unclear.
In vitro production of a potent immunoregulatory cytokine - TGF-β1 in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cell cultures derived from three age groups of Syrian golden hamsters infected with Ancylostoma ceylanicum was investigated. Expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in the cells was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Protein concentration in cell culture supernatants was determined by ELISA with the use of generated chicken polyclonal antibodies recognising hamster TGF-β1. The highest concentration of this cytokine was released by cells from the youngest hamsters, which were the most susceptible to hookworm infection. Real-time PCR analysis of TGF-β1 mRNA expression in non-stimulated MLN cells showed that fold changes in mRNA expression in the age groups corresponded to protein concentration in culture supernatants. To our knowledge this is the first report of TGF-β1 production during hookworm infection in hamsters. We hope that our studies provide a basic start for further investigation of TGF-β1 role in immunosuppression during hookworm infection.
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica infects a wide range of hosts, and has a considerable impact on the agriculture industry, mainly through infections of sheep and cattle. Further, human infection is now considered of public health importance and is hyperendemic in some regions. The fluke infection causes considerable damage to the hosts’ liver. However, the mechanisms of liver destruction have not yet been completely elucidated. In the present report we incubated a human liver cell line in the presence of either F. hepatica excretory/secretory material (FhES) or recombinant phosphoglycerate kinase (FhPGK). Dosedependent cytotoxicity in the presence of FhES was observed, indicating that FhES is capable of killing human hepatocytes, supporting a role for FhES in damaging host liver cells during infection; while treatment with a recombinant intracellular protein — FhPGK, had no impact on cell survival.
The aim of the study was cloning and anahsis of the entire coding sequence of hamster IL-2 by the method of RACE-PCR, its expression in Escherichia coli cells, and production of IL-2 specific antibodies. These antibodies were used to determine in vitro IL-2 production by cells derived from the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infected hamsters. The highest concentration of IL-2 was noted in supernatants from cell cultures coming from the oldest, most resistant hamsters.
Fasciola hepatica is a liver fluke that infects 2.4 million of people and causes great economical loss in animal production. To date a 100% effective vaccine has not been developed and the disease is controlled by drug therapy. Great efforts are put into development of effective vaccine against parasite what is difficult since Fasciola spp. (like other helmints) during evolutionary process has developed sophisticated and efficient methods to evade immune response. During preliminary experiments it is convenient to use cell lines which are relatively cheap and allow for reproducible comparison of results between laboratories. We stimulated BOMA (bovine monocyte/macrophage cell line) and BOMAC (bovine macrophage cell line) with native or recombinant antigens of Fasciola hepatica and assessed IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α level upon stimulation. We observed diminished secretion of proinflammatory TNF-α in LPS activated BOMA cells stimulated with Excretory/Secretory products of adult fluke (Fh-ES). We also observed greater changes in gene expression in LPS activated BOMA cells than in non activated BOMA cells upon stimulation using Fh-ES. The results show possibility of using cell lines for in vitro research of bovine immune response against liver fluke, although this model still requires validation and further characterization.
Ancylostoma ceylanicum belongs to a group of soil-transmitted helminths, which infect almost 576 mln people worldwide and are a major cause of anaemia and malnutrition. Upon contact with a permissive host, third-stage larvae (L3) residing in the environment become activated larvae (ssL3), a process associated with changes in the profile of gene expression. Ancylostoma secreted proteins (ASPs) are the major proteins secreted during larvae activation and play a crucial role in hookworm adaptation to parasitism. Here we report the cloning using RACE-PCR technique of three novel ASPs from the hookworm A. ceylanicum (Ace-asp-3, Ace-asp-4, and Ace-asp-5) and computational analysis of the protein sequences. All three proteins contain SCP (Sperm Coating Protein) domain characteristic for previously described ASP proteins. Real-time PCR analysis shows significant up-regulation of Ace-asp-3 and Ace-asp-5 expression in adult worms and correlated down-regulation in ssL3 larvae. On the other hand, expression of Ace-asp-4 was increased in ssL3 stages and decreased in adult parasites.
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