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Growth interactions between P. catenata and S. bacillaris were studied in laboratory cultures. It was found that in mixed cultures S. bacillaris inhibits the growth of P. catenata. The degree of the effect of P. catenata and S.bacillaris on each other’s growth was greatest in bialgal batch cultures and smaller in the cultures with diffusively balanced medium, while a lack of any effect was observed in culture filtrates. The effect of P. catenata on S. bacillaris appeared as weakly marked stimulation in all the cultures applied.
The greatest increases in S. bacillaris biomass were obtained in aerated and non-aerated cultures where the introduced inoculum contained 60-130 or 60-160 mg DW L-1, respectively. The application of inocula exceeding 160 mg DW L-1 brought about a rapid inhibition of biomass increase and growth rate, and also extended the lag phase. The dilution of the medium restored the ability of exponential growth in the culture. It seems that in cultures inoculated with large inocula the reduced growth of S. bacillaris was induced by autoinhibition.
This paper presents the influence of penicillin, erythromycin, Oxytetracycline and streptomycin on aquatic microorganisms isolated from three reservoirs with varied extent of environmental pollution (Sulejów Reservoir, Zegrze Reservoir and Vistula River). The experiments were conducted in especially prepared microcosms (aerated 15 l aquariums). From among the examined antibiotics streptomycin showed the longest activity in the water environment (27 days), followed by Oxytetracycline (22 days). Erythromycin had 13 days activity while the penicillin only 4 days. The highest number of bacteria was observed in the Vistula, fewer in Zegrze Reservoir. Sulejów Reservoir was characterized by the lowest number of bacteria. The strains isolated from Sulejów Reservoir were characterized by higher degree of biodiversity than those from Zegrze Reservoir or Vistula River. The dominant genera were Pseudomonas (49%), followed by Acinetohacter (21 %), Flavomonas (9%), Alcaligenes (9%), Vibrio, Moraxella and Oligella. The Vistula River was dominated by Aeromonas (88%) and Pseudomonas (12%) genera. The strains isolated from Sulejów Reservoir were more sensitive to antibiotics than those from the much more polluted Vistula, this being evidenced by lower MIC and MBC values.
The greatest increases in S. bacillaris biomass were obtained in aerated and non-aerated cultures where the introduced inoculum contained 60-130 or 60-160 mg DW L-1, respectively. The application of inocula exceeding 160 mg DW L-1 brought about a rapid inhibition of biomass increase and growth rate, and also extended the lag phase. The dilution of the medium restored the ability of exponential growth in the culture. It seems that in cultures inoculated with large inocula the reduced growth of S. bacillaris was induced by autoinhibition.
The possibility of using a mixed community of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for the biotransformation of phosphogypsum was examined. The greatest reduction of phosphogypsum (g/l) was determined in cultures with lactate (3.3), ethanol or casein (2.7), almost two-fold less in media with glucose or lactose and threefold less in medium with acetate. In media with lactate or ethanol growth inhibition (I = μ (μ max) was slight (I = 0.80 or 0.79) but much higher in the case of cultures with lactose (I=0.41), glucose (I=0.54), acetate or casein (I=0.62). In those cultures in which the concentration of sulphides was very high (about 600 mg HS⁻/l) and the concentration of acetic acid did not exceed 10 mg/l (e. g. in cultures with glucose), inhibition of SRB was mainly caused by H₂S. In cultures with transient low pH value (e. g. containing lactose or acetate) the factor causing stronger growth inhibition was acetic acid. A condition for obtaining high SRB activity in media with phosphogypsum and fermentable carbon sources is constant monitoring of the reaction of the medium and/or counteracting the accumulation of toxic concentrations of hydrogen sulphide and acetic acid.
The utilization of pig manure as a source of nutrients for the dissimilatory reduction of sulfates present in phosphogypsum was investigated. In both types of media used (synthetic medium and raw pig manure) increased utilization of sulfates with growing COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio in the medium was observed. The percent of sulfate reduction obtained in synthetic medium was from 18 to 99%, whereas the value for cultures set up in raw liquid manure was from 12% (at COD/SO₄²⁻ of 0.3) up to as high as 98% (at COD/SO₄²⁻ equal 3.80). Even with almost complete reduction of sulfates the percent of COD reduction did not exceed 55%. Based on the results obtained it was concluded that the effectiveness of removal of sulfates and organic matter by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) depends to a considerable degree on the proportion between organic matter and sulfates in the purified wastewaters. The optimal COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio for the removal of organic matter was between 0.6 and 1.2 whereas the optimal ratio for the removal of sulfates was between 2.4 and 4.8.
Interactions between the blue-green alga Pseudoanabaena catenata and the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris were investigated in bialgal cultures carried out in a chemostat, on a solid medium, and in continuous cultures with rotating disks. The inhibitory effect of S. bacillaris on P. catenata was most pronounced in the continuous cultures carried out with liquid media of slightly acidic pH and in the culture with rotating disks in S. bacillaris filtrate. The growth of P. catenata was also strongly inhibited in cultures on the solidified medium. The least inhibition was observed when continuous cultures were carried out in the chemostat in a slightly alkaline medium.
The present study collected bacterial samples from water and bottom sediments from fish farms located in a nature reserve area in Poland with no recorded history of antibiotic use. The aim of the study was to determine the initial states of tetracycline, streptomycin, and erythromycin resistance before a potential increase of intensive aquaculture and application of antimicrobial agents in that region. With this in mind, the diversity and antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes of isolates from the bottom sediments and water in five of the 13 fish ponds in Raszyn were evaluated. A total of 58 (sediment, n = 24; water, n = 34) non-repetitive and non-susceptible isolates were affiliated to 14 genera. Among the sediment isolates, Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were isolated most frequently, and from the water, Stenotrophomonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Phenotypically resistant isolates selected by disk diffusion were further screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicon sequencing. The isolates derived from the water showed a greater percentage of phenotypically resistant isolates to each of the three antibiotics. The most common tetracycline resistant genes detected in isolates from both the water and sediment were tet(A), tet(T), tet(W), and tet(34). On the other hand, the genes tet(X), tet(H), tet(M), and tet(BP) were the most frequent among sedimentary isolates, while tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), and tet(32) were prevalent in aquatic isolates. The most prevalent streptomycin resistance genes among the aquatic isolates were aac(6’)-I, str(A), and str(B). The erythromycin resistance genes detected in all isolates included msr(A), erm(X), erm(V), erm(F), and erm(E).
An investigation on the development of P. catenata, Chlorella sp., S. bacillaris, and S. acutus in mixed cultures showed that in 7 out of 11 variants of these cultures the dominating species was that whose specific growth rate was higher in monoculture. This phenomenon was not observed in the bialgal culture of Chlorella sp. and S. bacillaris and in 3 mixed cultures which, apart from other algae, included P. catenata and S. acutus. In the latter P. catenata always dominated, its growth being much faster than in the monoculture.
The effect of zinc on the biotransformation of phosphogypsum, COD reduction and growth rate (μmax day-1) of an SRB community and Desulfotomaculum ruminis in media with sodium lactate or ethanol was examined. Depending on the form of zinc (Zn3(PO4)2 x 4H2O, ZnSO4 x7H2O, ZnCl2, Zn(NO3)2 x 6H2O) and its initial concentration (0-80 mg Zn2+/l) lower sulphate reduction and COD reduction was observed. The effect of Zn2+ also depended on the composition of the studied populations and carbon source in the medium. The lowest inhibition of specific growth rate was determined in cultures of the pure strain and in medium with zinc phosphate (with lactate or ethanol IC50=63 or 75 mg Zn2+/l, respectively) and the highest in cultures of sulphate-reducing bacterial communities in medium with zinc nitrate (with lactate or ethanol IC50= 35 or 20 mg Zn2+/l, respectively).
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