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The aim of the study was to analyse the quality changes in rapeseed meal (RSM) in the presence of oxygen and water vapour at elevated temperature. The chemical composition of fresh and after storage (30 days at 40 °C and 80% relative humidity) samples of RSM was determined. In comparison with fresh samples significant differences in the meal after storage in the content of true protein (35.7 vs 37.5% DM), crude fat (6.8 vs 7.5% DM), crude fibre (11.5 vs 10.6% DM), methionine (7.7 vs 8.2 g · kg−1 DM), cysteine (8.2 vs 8.9 g · kg−1 DM) and arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tannic acid and phytic phosphorus were observed. After storage, the content of butyric, caproic, caprylic and palmitoleic acids increased, while concentration of lauric, stearic and oleic acids decreased. Proportion of saturated fatty acids in total fatty acids raised (19.7 vs 14.3%) and that of unsaturated fatty acids declined (80.3 vs 85.7%). The storage had influence on acid and peroxide values of oil, increasing them to 20.9 mg KOH · g−1 and 27.08 meq · kg−1, respectively. No significant differences in the content of starch, sugar, some amino acids (including lysine) and polyunsaturated fatty acids in fresh and post-storage meal were noticed. Aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 , G2 and ochratoxin A were not detected after storage. It can be concluded that storage conditions affect adversely the quality of RSM having the moisture content only slightly above the recommendation (12.7 vs 12.5%) and simultaneously changing significantly its protein and lipid profiles.
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This study compares the quality of rapeseed oils produced by different methods and stored under different conditions. The following oxidation parameters were determined in the analysed oils: acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value and Totox value. The evaluated quality parameters were: saponification value, iodine value, colour and fatty acid profile. In the group of the analysed products, Kropla Zdrowia – cold pressed rapeseed oil that was refrigerated in a dark glass bottle – was characterised by high quality (AV = 0, PV = 0.05 meq O2·kgˉ¹, FFA = 0.4 mg KOH·gˉ¹, Totox value = 0). In the cold pressed Organic Virgin oil stored in a clear glass bottle at room temperature, peroxide value, acid value and Totox value were above the norm at PV = 5.6 meq O2·kgˉ¹, FFA = 4.27 mg KOH·gˉ¹ and Totox value = 13. The analysed products were characterised by similar fatty acid profiles, and Kropla Zdrowia oil had a higher content of oleic acid (by 10% on average) and a lower total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid (by 11% on average) in comparison with the remaining products. All oils conformed to standard saponification values. The examined oils differed in colour, and pressed oils were darker. Three of the analysed products – Rapso, Olej Kujawski and Kropla Zdrowia – received high scores in a sensory evaluation. The lower scores noted in the remaining oils probably resulted from lower production standards and inadequate storage.
Studies on the possibilities of activating heavy metal ions by platinum ions in the soil have been undertaken. The present work gives results of research on the copper ions activated in loessial soil by the treatment with solutions containing platinum ions. Samples of podzolic soil developed from loess were collected from the horizon Ap (0-20 cm). The samples were treated with re-distilled water or with the same quantity of PtCl4 water solutions containing 2, 4, 20 mg of platinum ions. Soil reaction (pH) was measured after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of incubation at 5 and 20 °C temperature. Copper ion content was determined in the filtrates using the technique of atomic absorption spectrometry. The amount of copper ions activated in the soil material depended on the soil reaction, temperature, quantity of platinum ions introduced and the time duration of the experiment.
The study was conducted on water supplied to inhabitants of Lublin. Samples of water were taken from 8 water supply points every three months of 2005. The content of Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Na, Mg, Ca ions and SO42-, Cl-, Cl2, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- i F- was determined. It was found out that tap water in Lublin is of very good nutritive quality. Owing to its high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions it can be classified as mineral water.
Background: Habitual physical activity adapted to a child’s individual needs, ability, health, gender and age has positive implications for cognitive and physical growth and maturation. Childhood physical activity is a predictor of better health and general well-being in adulthood. Material/Methods: A questionnaire study was conducted on a population of 371 randomly selected primary school students in Lublin county. Correlations were determined between the student’s levels of physical activity and leisure time activities vs. age, gender, BMI score and the parents’ levels of physical activity. Results: The students’ attitudes towards PE differentiated subjects as to gender and the BMI score, whereas the frequency of exercise was correlated only with gender. Girls accounted for 72% of the students who did not enjoy PE classes. The duration of exercise was significantly correlated with age. Research results indicate that parents who are physically active instill healthy habits in their children. Conclusions; Physical activity plays a very important role in instilling healthy lifestyle habits. Parents or caretakers are the best role models for children. In an era when children and adolescents are increasingly likely to spend most of their free time playing computer games or watching television, parents should encourage their children to participate in extracurricular physical activities that promote healthy growth and development.
Our study shows the results of monitoring of soil acidifi cation in Łódź Province and compares them to results for all of Poland. Łódź Province is ranked sixth in the country in terms of the highest emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants, and represents Polish areas undergoing strong anthropogenic transformation. The substantial proportion of light soils and the considerable impact of human activity determine the susceptibility of the soils in the region to acidifi cation, which deteriorates their quality. In terms of the proportion of very acidic soils, this is the second-highest region in Poland. The presented results clearly indicate that – despite the three-fold reduction of calcium fertilizer application in the last decade – the soil acidifi cation status in Łódź Province and across Poland has improved slightly. It seems that a major cause of improvement in soil acidifi cation is the substantial reduction of SO2 emissions in recent years. It has been shown that pollutant emissions have a negative impact on the content of available magnesium and, to a lesser extent, on the content of available potassium; in turn, it does not affect the level of available phosphorus.
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