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Eight species from the grass family were studied: wheat, rye, triticale, barley, oats, maize, couch grass, rice, and two dicotyledonous species: field pea and common flax. Seedlings of the tested species were grown in hydroponic cultures with haloxyfop or alloxydim alone (graminicides) and with haloxyfop or alloxydim plus one of the tested antagonists (diphenylamine, salicylic acid, or norflurazon). All investigated species of the grass family showed similar susceptibility to the tested graminicides (measured with their effect on root growth). The tested dicotyledonous species were completely unsusceptible. Except in maize, the addition of antagonistic substances to the medium with herbicide weakened considerably the inhibitory effect of both haloxyfop and alloxydim. The tested graminicides also had a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of susceptible species (except maize, where the effect was low). In the lipids of the apical parts of roots, a significant decrease in the content of oleic and linoleic acids and a considerable increase in the content of linolenic acid were observed.
 The study examines the effects of haloxyfop (herbicide) and cerulenin (antibiotic) on de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids and complex lipids in roots of two sensitive species: wheat and maize. Seedlings were grown in hydroponic cultures with addition of [1-14C]acetate (control) and [1-14C]acetate together with one of the tested substances. Neither haloxyfop nor cerulenin prevented the uptake of [1-14C]acetate by the roots of tested species. In contrast, a strong inhibition of de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids was observed after a 4-h treatment. This phenomenon, however, tended to disappear with treatment time. After a 24-h incubation, the amount of radioactivity in de novo biosynthesized fatty acids in 1-cm-long root tips was up to three times higher than in the untreated control. In the "rest of roots", restoration of fatty acid biosynthesis capacity was less pronounced. Besides the effect on fatty acid biosynthesis, both tested inhibitors strongly suppressed the de novo biosynthesis of non-fatty acid-containing lipids. Analyses of radioactivity in individual lipid classes showed that after a 4-h treatment with haloxyfop or cerulenin the biosynthesis of most of the lipid classes was inhibited, although not to the same extent. After a 24-h treatment, an inhibition of de novo biosynthesis of some of the lipids was still observable, whereas the biosynthesis of others, especially phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, was strongly up-regulated. Contrary to the mainstream view that inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis is the cause of haloxyfop and cerulenin phytotoxicity, the obtained results suggest multidirectional effects of both inhibitors.
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