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Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases. In spite of its low mixing ratio (1775 ppbv), it is responsible for 20-30% of global warming. However, factors influencing methane fluxes to the atmosphere from different sources are still under debate. One of the most important elements of the methane cycle are methanotrophic bacteria. This unique group of Proteobacteria utilises methane at various levels, from atmospheric concentrations to several percentages, using molecular oxygen. Methanotrophs have been found in many terrestrial, aquatic and subsurface environments, there is however little information about methanotrophs connected with coal deposits. In the study, the presence of methanotrophic bacteria in coal–associated rocks of the Lublin Coal Basin (LCB) was confirmed by the methanotrophic activity tests of fresh and autoclaved samples from depths of 914 m and 997 m below the surface. Methanotrophs were also successfully enriched on nitrate minimal salts medium and identified based on the cloned pmoA sequences. It was found that methane-oxidising bacteria present in the LCB are highly similar to Methylosinus, Methylocys-tis and Methylocaldum species. It was assumed that biological oxidation may be one of the processes influencing methane concentrations in coalbeds and that rocks excavated with coal may serve e.g. as methanotrophically active covers preventing CH4 emission from landfills.
The aim of our study was to identify the methanotrophic group of bacteria inhabiting coal mine rocks at the Jastrzębie-Moszczenica (Jas-Mos) coal mine, by application of molecular techniques: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In the first stage of the experiment, methanotrophic activity (AM) of the rock material at different temperatures (20 and 30ºC) and methane (CH₄) concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20%) was determined. AM noted both in 20 and 30ºC reached a similar level equaling c.a. 0.2 µM CH₄ g⁻¹·day⁻¹. The PCR reactions were performed using primers specific for pmoA gene (encoding a key subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase) – A189f and mb661, whereas FISH was realized with Mg705, Mg84 (Type I of methanotrophs), and Ma450 (Type II of methanotrophs) probes. Sequence analysis of pmoA gene demonstrated that microorganisms, being present in the investigated rocks material were similar with 95-100% identity to the following methanotrophs genera: Methylosinus, Methylobacter, Methylocystis. Concentrations of CH₄ between 1-10% did not affect on bacterial variability, but in combination with 20% of CH₄, significant dominance of methanotrophic bacteria Type I was stated.
Changes in atmospheric concentrations of gases including CH4, O3, NO2, SO2 are one of the most current issues, due to the observed global warming. The concentration of atmos-pheric gases is being monitored by satellite measurements and also by tropospheric air monitoring stations located at various geographical latitudes. Polish law and EU Directives determine the limit values of concentrations of air pollutants established for the protection of human health: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, benzene, carbon monoxide, ozone, PM10, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene. The basic equipment of monitoring stations does not include methane analys-ers. Our monitoring station is one of two stations in Poland with a CH4 analyser. The sampling intake of the KUL monitoring station is located on the wall oriented perpendicularly to the Lublin-Krakow road, c.a. 41.5 m from this very frequently used road. The research, conducted for three years beginning from 2007 until 2009, showed significant variations in greenhouse gases (GHG) concentrations. The increase in mean annual methane concentration noted at the KUL station was 1.4 % for the years 2007-2008 and 1.7% for 2008-2009. The growth rate of ozone mixing ratio was 29% in the period of 2007-2009. Annual mean values of NO2 concentration in 2007 were 50.3% higher than in 2009. The growth rate of SO2 mixing ratio exceeded 65% between 2007 and 2008. The concentration levels of pollutants in the air were related directly with the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere and with the meteorological conditions.
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