Hungary is expected be the European Union member state by 2004 according to the accession talks. In this respect the main question of agricultural modernisation involves the evaluation of integration and its role - specially the motivation factors, the type of integration and the integrator it self. Financing has got a sufficient role in integrating agricultural farms just as well as good sales conditions, obtaining and maintaining dominant market positions, and manufacturing quality goods. All these aims can be met only by a vertical organisation, which includes marketing, financing, buying and selling channels, and also capable to transform market demand and information into important production factors. The contribution of the Hungarian food industry to GDP is bigger than those of the most European Union member states. Food industry has even more significant role in respect of export-import balance, because it is the only industry having 1,5-2 billion US dollar positive result in net export. Therefore, in the new situation - concerning competitiveness in the EU home market - it is very important to develop and modernise this industry. In this paper we show the traditional integration-cooperation formations (that were formed during the socialist regime), after that we analyse the effects of their disintegration as a cause of political transition in the 90s, and furthermore we take the new forms and possibilities together with the arising problems as well. We also evaluate the role of cooperatives in this process, and the desired trends for the future.
In this paper the authors describe the steps of building of a new automated complex land evaluation system based on the D-e-Meter land quality index. Complex evaluation means an organic systematization of ecological and economical factors. Necessary of development of a new land evaluation system based on the undeveloped land market in Hungary, which causes difference between the level of actual land price and economic value of agricultural land. The land evaluation has - among others - an important task: that is to convey the value towards the land market actors, which can be the starting point in negotiation about market price and in decision-making about the land use. The estimated land value indicates the total values of land estates on the basis of their rent-production ability. These values can differ from land-estate prices formed on land market, nevertheless they are decidedly adequate to replace the Hungarian current land evaluation system, so called Gold- -crown System and to solve whole series of objectives connected with land evaluation. The new land evaluation system is useful for estimating the realistic land value, but also helps to manage the land use on sustainable way.
The level of self-sufficiency of Hungary in agricultural and food industrial goods is 120% on the average due to its good natural endowments and comparative advantages deriving from its human capital, which shows a dynamic export orientation. In the 90's the share of food industry and agriculture in the total turnover decreased at a world-wide scale. At this time a 30% fall in the participation of Hungary can be observed. At the end of the 80's and at the beginning of the 90's the sector represented a proportion of 20-25%, whereas in 2001 only 8% notwithstanding the 1% growth in relation to the previous year. Agricultural import is significantly less, it accounts for 3.5% of the total import. The main problem, indeed, is not the decrease of proportion but the decrease of active balance of foreign trade or its stagnation. In the Hungarian economic policy in 2001 there are two such economic policy measures to mention that significantly affected the cash flow, profitability and financing ability of the sector. One is the raise of the minimum wage, the other is the modification of the exchange rate system and the shockingly abrupt raise of the course of the forint.
The goal of our research . results of which are presented in this paper . is to identify the main factors of land market which keep the land price at low level, and to forecast the reactions of land market to changing agricultural (CAP) subsidy system and liberalization of land market. Finally, we make some predictions about the main factors of land ownership in the near future. Although our research focuses on Hungarian situation, the results also provide some conclusions for common problems of land market in other new member states of the EU.
Agricultural land market in Hungary is in process of development, the prices of land is times lower compared to land prices in old member states of the EU. Because of their lower income Hungarian nationals do not have substantial possibilities to acquire ownership over land like nationals of the old member states of the EU. In order to preserve the agricultural sector from shocks that might arise from the differences in land prices and income with the rest of EU, Hungary as the others Central and Eastern European new member states countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia) during the accession negotiations in 2003 was granted the possibility to maintain existing national provisions restricting the acquisition of agricultural land or forests. Based on the data provided by the Hungarian Farm Accountancy Data Network and by the Hungarian Central Statistic Office the authors examined the specific impacts of factors influencing on arable land prices.
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