The regional distribution and driving factors of total carbon emissions have been the focus of considerable research. However, carbon intensity rather than total carbon emissions has been selected as the emissions reduction index in China. The Chinese government has committed to reducing carbon intensity by 60-65% from 2005 levels. Currently, limited academic attention has been given to the regional distribution and driving factors of carbon intensity. To explore the means of achieving the carbon intensity target in China, Gini coefficients were employed in this paper to investigate regional differences in carbon intensity across 30 provinces from 1995 to 2014. Moreover, the FGLS (feasible generalized least squares) method was applied to identify the key influencing factors of carbon intensity at the national and three regional levels. The results indicate that: 1. Chinese inter-provincial Gini coefficients of carbon intensity have increased steadily in recent years, which indicates that the difference in carbon intensity between provinces in China has widened. 2. Economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade openness were negatively correlated with carbon intensity. Conversely, coal consumption, industrial proportion, and urbanization were positively correlated with carbon intensity. Moreover, urbanization has proven to be the most important factor affecting China’s carbon intensity. 3. The dominant cause of carbon intensity varies by region. In particular, the dominant cause of carbon intensity in low- and medium-level regions is urbanization. However, the dominant cause of carbon intensity in high-level regions is coal consumption. 4. Based on these empirical findings, policy recommendations to reduce carbon intensity were proposed. In summary, the improvement of urbanization quality in both low- and medium-level regions is urgently needed. However, optimizing the energy structure is essential to carbon intensity reduction in high-level regions.
Groundwater level rises rapidly when mine drainage systems stop functioning after mine closures. Free-form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in residual pillaring and abandoned mining levels could continue to migrate because of eluviation leaching. Moreover, other aquifers are polluted with mine water through mining-induced fractures, faults, and poorly sealed drill holes. Therefore, the distributions of 16-PAHs in raw coal mined in China and the factors influencing these distributions were analyzed to assist mine closures. The results showed that the average concentration of PAHs was 10.540±7.973 μg/g in the raw coal samples, and PAHs with low molecular weights had the highest abundances, accounting for 44% of the total PAH concentration obtained. The highest concentration of 16-PAHs was observed in bituminous coals, followed by that in lignite, and the lowest is anthracite. The influence factors analysis reveals that carbon content, volatile matter, H/C, and O/C have a significant effect on PAH content in raw coals. The volatile matter and molar ratio of H/C play a leading role in the changing process in 16 PAHs, accounting for more than 60% of the total contribution.
The correct folding of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital for plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. The genes related to the ER stress response in maize are far from clear. In this study, a maize nuclear factor, NF-YC14, was identified in the regulation of the ER stress response. Overexpression of NF-YC14 improves plant ER stress tolerance and up-regulates the expression of downstream ER stress response genes. Moreover, NF-YC14 involves abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and overexpression of NF-YC14 confers plant hypersensitivity to ABA. Furthermore, overexpression of NF-YC14 enhances the expression of downstream ER stress response genes mediated by the ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. These results indicate that NF-YC14 and ABA signaling regulate the expression of ER stress response genes and NF-YC14 links ER stress response to ABA signaling.
Background: The aim of the study was to probe the morphological features of the proximal segment (V1) of vertebral artery (VA) in a sample of Chinese cadavers. Materials and methods: The origin, course and outer diameter at origin of the pre-vertebral part of the VAs were evaluated in 119 adult cadavers. Results: It was found that 94.12% of the VAs originated from the subclavian arteries, bilaterally. The variant origins were present in 5.88% of the cadavers and all originated directly from the arch of the aorta. All the variations were observed on the left side of male cadavers. The average outer diameters at origin of the normal and variation groups were 4.35 ± 1.00 mm and 4.82 ± 1.42 mm, respectively, p = 0.035. In the normal group, but not in the variation group, the average diameter in the males was significantly larger than that in the females (4.50 ± 0.99 mm, 3.92 ± 0.92 mm, respectively, p = 0.000). In addition, only 5 cadavers in the normal group had hypoplastic VAs (4.20%, 4 males, 3 right-sided). Vertebral artery dominance (VAD) was present in 91 (69 males) out of 112 cadavers and more common on the left (n = 48). In addition, 3 cadavers satisfied conditions for coexistence of VAD and vertebral artery hypoplasia. All 7 cadavers in the variation group exhibited VAD, which was more common on the right side (n = 5). Conclusions: The morphologic variations and frequencies described above have implications for the early prevention, abnormal anatomy detection, accurate diagnosis, safe surgery and endovascular treatment of cardiovascular and neurological disease. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 4: 710–719)
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