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The aim of this study was to assess the species composition of airborne Staphylococcus spp. in public premises, to determine the methicillin resistance of the isolates and the prevalence of mecA gene, determining resistance to β-lactams. In total 65 Staphylococcus strains were isolated from 54 sites. Four strains exhibited phenotypic methicillin resistance, while the presence of mecA gene was found in 11 strains. The results of both assays were compared, showing that the phenotypic tests revealed methicillin resistance only in 36% of the examined samples. This study revealed high species diversity among airborne Staphylococcus spp. population, which consists of multidrug resistant strains.
Celem przedstawionej pracy była izolacja, identyfikacja gatunkowa oraz ocena lekooporności bakterii z rodzaju Staphylococcus,wyizolowanych z powietrza domu studenckiego Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie. Pobór próbek powietrza był wykonywany przy użyciu próbnika MAS-100 (Merck), z zastosowaniem podłoża Chapmana. Po uzyskaniu czystych izolatów bakterii przeprowadzono identyfikację gatunkową przy użyciu m.in. posiewów na podłoża chromogenne i testów biochemicznych. Badania lekooporności wykonano w oparciu o zalecenia Krajowego Ośrodka Referencyjnego ds. Lekowrażliwości Drobnoustrojów (KORLD). Pozyskano 10 izolatów należących do 5 gatunków: S. xylosus (2), S. epidermidis(1), S. cohniiurealyticum(5), S. aureus(1), S. haemolyticus(1). Wszystkie izolaty, poza S. aureus, były koagulazoujemne oraz dały negatywny wynik w teście na obecność białka A. Wszystkie izolaty charakteryzowały się wrażliwością na metycylinę, natomiast wśród antybiotyków z grupy makrolidów i linkosamidów wyróżniono różne fenotypy oporności. Stwierdzono, że zanieczyszczenie powietrza gronkowcami w domu studenckim nie stwarza bezpośredniego niebezpieczeństwa dla osób tam przebywających, a wyizolowane gronkowce to głównie gatunki należące do mikroflory skóry człowieka.
The study investigates the genetic differentiation among two subspecies of Allium ursinum L., namely A. ursinum subsp. ursinum and subsp. ucrainicum as well as their putative hybrid that is represented by individuals with intermediate morphology. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were applied to determine the status of intermediate morphotypes in terms of their genetic pattern and to assess the level of genetic variability within and between various populations of A. ursinum. The study comprises 144 specimens from nine populations along the east-west transect in Poland, which includes localities of both subspecies and their putative hybrid. Among the examined populations, 48 bands were amplified, of which 45 were found to be polymorphic. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), the neighbour-net analysis and Mantel test showed a strong correlation between genetic variability and geographic distance. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that a greater proportion of total genetic variation resided within populations rather than among them. The Structure Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the presence of three distinct genetic groups within studied populations, where 'eastern' genotypes correspond to A. ursinum subsp. ucrainicum, and 'western' to subsp. ursinum; whereas the third genetic group has the largest share in the individuals occurring at the border of the distribution ranges of both subspecies. The emergence of the third genetic group is probably an effect of hybridization events occurring within the secondary contact zone. Typical morphologically intermediate populations occur only in a relatively narrow geographical zone, but the hybrid zone revealed by molecular markers is actually much wider than it is suggested by the morphological pattern of individuals. The current distribution pattern of both subspecies of A. ursinum and their hybrid zone is related to the two main directions of postglacial migration of Fagus sylvatica to the area of Poland. The hybrid zone arose as an effect of the secondary contact of two divergent lineages of A. ursinum.
The bird’s-eye primrose (Primula farinosa L.) is an endangered species in Poland. The sole remaining, and critically endangered, population of approximately 300 flowering plants is located in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains (Jaworki, Poland). The genetic investigation was performed using highly variable microsatellite markers on a total of four populations: the Polish population and its three nearest known Slovak counterparts. We hypothesize that the Polish population is a relic of the previously much wider Central European mountain/lowland range and is thus genetically distinct from the rest of the Slovak stock. Clarification of this issue is needed before active protection interventions such as artificial supplementation can be carried out. Our results, particularly those from STRUCTURE Bayesian clustering, showed clear population structure within the dataset: all three Slovak populations were dominated by one genetic group, while the Polish population comprised mostly individuals dominated by the second genetic group. Only limited gene flow was observed between the Polish and Slovak populations. This demonstrates the distinct genetic makeup of the Jaworki population, which is probably the result of prolonged isolation from the rest of the P. farinosa range and admixture of genes from various lineages. Their origin could be determined by including plant material from the rest of the P. farinosa range, i.e., Scandinavian, Baltic, and Alpine/Carpathian locations, in a future study. The immediate practical application of our results is the recommendation that all supplementation interventions to the Jaworki population must be limited to plants produced from locally collected seeds.
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