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  1. 9 Acta Ornithologica

  2. 9 Polish Journal of Ecology

  3. 4 Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

  4. 2 Acta Parasitologica

  5. 2 Annales Zoologici

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  1. 33 Mazgajski T. D.

  2. 10 Kedra A. H.

  3. 5 Rejt L.

  4. 3 Gryczynska A.

  5. 3 Mazgajska J.

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  1. 1 2019

  2. 1 2016

  3. 3 2010

  4. 1 2009

  5. 3 2008

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1

Zmiany liczebnosci i miejsca gniazdowania dzieciola duzego Dendrocopos major i sredniego D.medius w rezerwacie Las Bielanski w Warszawie

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Ochrona Przyrody
|
1997
|
tom 54
155-160
2

Effect of old nest material on nest site selection and breeding parameters in secondary hole nesters - a review

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2007
|
tom 42
|
nr 1
1-14
3

Competition for nest sites between the Starling Sturnus vulgaris and other cavity nesters - study in forest park

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2000
|
tom 35
|
nr 1
103-107
Three species of cavity nesters potentially competitive with the Starling — the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major, Middle Spotted Woodpecker D. medius and Nuthatch Sitta europaea were studied in the years 1997-1999. The number of suitable nest sites for Starlings and competitive pressure were manipulated by increasing or decreasing the availability of nest boxes. Increased nest-site competition did not lead to significant changes in number among the studied species. The Starling was found to take over up to 25% of holes chosen by Nuthatches for breeding. Increased availability of nest sites did not protect Nuthatches from cavity losses, but reduced their frequency. Only 20% of Nuthatch pairs that lost their holes renested successfully in the same breeding season. No impact of Starlings on breeding woodpeckers was noted.
4

Sukces lęgowy dziuplaków - efekt charakterystyki miejsc gniazdowych i strategii unikania drapieżników

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Wiadomości Ekologiczne
|
2009
|
tom 55
|
nr 4
It is generally accepted that hole-nesting birds have a higher breeding success than open nesters. However, this group of birds can also experience frequent nesting failures, with the majority of them related to predation. This suggests that the attributes of some holes could make them safer than others. Several features of holes as nest sites could be considered in relation to predator pressure. Some of them influence the probability of predators finding the hole, while others describe the accessibility to eggs or nestlings (Fig. 1). Investigations of birds’ breeding success in relation to nest hole characteristics focused mostly on hole dimensions, such as entrance size or distance from the entrance to eggs/nestlings (the so-called „danger distance”) but in many such studies, no significant relations were found (Table I). In this article, special attention is paid to other hole features that may affect predation, but are relatively rarely considered in this respect - hole age and its utilization by birds in previous seasons. It seems that increasing hole age enhances predation pressure both due to the long-term memory of some predators (such as the Pine Marten), as well as changes in hole dimensions and wood hardness. Also, the material of old nests accumulates in holes used by birds over many seasons, and this may cause higher predation because the danger distance decreases (Fig. 2). Additionally, the large number of ectoparasites in such holes may influence adult and nestling behavior, which could attract predators. However, only a few studies address the issues of hole-nesting birds’ breeding and the problems related to hole age. Moreover, their results are inconsistent. When considering the breeding success of hole-nesting birds in relation to hole characteristics, it should be remembered that predation is a strong selective pressure, and birds endeavor to minimize the probability of nesting failure. This articles describes in detail the methods used by birds to avoid predator pressure that could be related to increasing hole age. They include selection of specific sites, avoidance of older holes or sites with old nests, site preparation by removing old nest material and adjustment of the new nest to the holes depth. Unfortunately, the relation between hole age or its previous utilization by birds and predator pressure, as well as birds’ behavioral responses to avoid predation, have still not been sufficiently studied.
5

Nest site characteristic of Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in Central Poland

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
1998
|
tom 46
|
nr 1
6

Does the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major select holes for roosting?

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2002
|
tom 50
|
nr 1
Characteristics of Great Spotted Woodpecker roosting holes are compared with those used for breeding. Neither postbreeding nor winter roosting holes differed from woodpecker nests with respect to tree species, condition, girth at breast height, cavity height or cavity direction. However, behavioural observations suggested that particular holes might be selected, probably in connection with microclimate condition and predator avoidance.
7

Effect of old nest material in nestboxes on ectoparasite abundance and reproductive output in the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris L.

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2007
|
tom 55
|
nr 2
Before breeding, hole nesting birds face the problem of the presence of old nest material from previous seasons in their nest sites. This material fills the cavity, making it shallower, resulting in greater brood vulnerability to predators, as well as creating good conditions for ectoparasite development. As a consequence, this may negatively affect many breeding parameters of hole nesters. However, adult birds may compensate the effect of blood sucking ectoparasites by increasing their feeding rates. It is known that the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris L. can deepen its nest site by removing old nest material. Therefore, a study was conducted to find out whether the presence of old nest material influences ectoparasite abundance in newly built nests, reproductive parameters, as well as nestlings’ body parameters and feeding rates in this species. An experiment with nestboxes was carried out in two forested areas. Two groups of nestboxes were prepared – one contained old nests from the previous breeding season, and the other group was cleaned with old nests removed. During the breeding season, data on Starling reproduction were collected, i.e. laying dates, clutch size and number of fledglings. Nestling body parameters were measured on the 6th, 9th, 13th and 17th days of their lives. On the 10th and 15th days of nestling life, the number of feedings was counted over a period of 30 minutes. Nests were collected and analyzed for the presence of ectoparasites. It was found that the average number of ectoparasites, both fleas and mites, was greater in nests built on old nest material, and that this number was highly correlated. In further analysis, two possible effects on reproductive output were investigated separately: the presence of old nest material and the abundance of ectoparasites. Clutch size and number of fledglings were smaller in broods from nestboxes containing old nest material, but there was no such relationship to laying dates and nestlings’ body parameters (weight, tarsus and wing length). The number of feeding trips on the 10th day of nestling life was higher in “cleaned” nestboxes, but a similar level was achieved by the 15th day in both groups of nestboxes. It was found that ectoparasite abundance did not influence any of the studied parameters of Starling reproduction, i.e. breeding, nestlings’ physical condition or number of feedings. This confirmed earlier findings that ectoparasite infestation at a natural level does not affect Starlings’ breeding. It seems that the negative effect of the presence of old nest material in nest sites is connected to the costs of site preparation and old nest material removal, which are borne by the females.
8

Nesting phenology and breeding success in Great Spotted Woodpecker Picoides major near Warsaw [Central Poland]

100%
Mazgajski T. D.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2002
|
tom 37
|
nr 1
9

Dependence of nest mass on nest hole depth in the Great Tit Parus major

63%
Mazgajski T. D., Rykowska Z.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2008
|
tom 43
|
nr 1
49-55
Predation is considered an important factor affecting the life histories and breeding strategies of hole nesting birds. Breeding losses in this group of birds are related to such nest site characteristics as entrance size, nest site depth and danger distance - the distance between the outer edge of the entrance to the centre of the nest's bottom, which determines how far a predator unable to enter the hole would have to reach to obtain its contents. It is suggested that birds assess predation risk and adjust their breeding investments accordingly. We tested the hypothesis that in shallow nest sites, birds build smaller nests to maintain the largest danger distance possible. During the experiment, two types of nestboxes were available to birds: those typical for small passerines (with a depth of 21 cm), and shallower ones (with a 16 cm depth). Breeding parameters were obtained by controlling nestboxes, the distances between eggs and entrances were measured, and nests were weighed just after the young fledged. Breeding phenology and clutch size did not differ between the types of nestboxes. Nest site depth influenced nest mass, and according to our assumptions, nests were significantly lighter in shallow nestboxes. A clear, negative relationship was found between nest mass and the danger distance — eggs in larger (heavier) nests were closer to the entrance. Breeding success (number of fledglings per eggs laid) was lower for shallow nestboxes compared to normal ones, and nest mass negatively influenced the number of fledglings and breeding success. The results of this study suggest that Great Tits perceive nest site depth and adjust nest building according to predation risks. Nest size (mass) in shallow sites may be limited by the danger distance, but it is also possible that the number of trips with nest material, which could lead to the detection of the site, is also important. However, both explanations are not mutually exclusive, and both are related to avoiding predator pressure.
10

Amphibians of Poland’s urban areas. Preface

63%
Mazgajska J., Mazgajski T. D.
Fragmenta Faunistica
|
2010
|
tom 53
|
nr 2
For many reasons urban environment cannot affect positively on amphibian fauna, thus the most of amphibian species decrease in their abundance, become endangered or simply extinct in such areas. Scattered, inconsistent, sometimes simply not available data on amphibian fauna in towns do not facilitate action to protect the species. Therefore the collecting and compiling of the studies on amphibian fauna of different towns of Poland is important for the further research to reveal general rules in changes connected with urbanization. In sum, in 9 Polish towns 13 amphibian species plus one natural hybrid - the edible frog Rana kl. esculenta Linnaeus, 1758 were recorded. Eight to thirteen taxa were found in a town and it may be assumed that lack of other species occurring in Poland is connected only with their limited ranges. The current knowledge presented in the collected articles can become the starting point for the further studies on amphibian occurrence in urban environment and for appropriate protective measures in towns.
11

Miedzysezonowa i miedzysrodowiskowa zmiennosc elementow biologii legowej na przykladzie szpaka Sternus vulgaris

63%
Mazgajski T. D., Kedra A. H.
Notatki Ornitologiczne
|
2000
|
tom 41
|
nr 4
283-292
12

Low recapture rate in PIT marked urban populations of the common toad

63%
Mazgajska J., Mazgajski T. D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2016
|
tom 64
|
nr 4
Individual marking is necessary for determining various elements of species ecology, but toe-clipping — a method frequently used in amphibian studies, is recently being questioned. Three water bodies (of 0.3 to 1.5 ha in size) used by common Bufo bufo for breeding, located within a large city (Warsaw, Central Poland), were chosen for the study. Captured toads had Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) subcutaneously implanted under laboratory conditions. Marked toads were searched in consecutive breeding seasons. The recapture rate of males in particular ponds was up to 13% — much lower than in other studies carried out in non-urban habitats. 77% of re-trapped individuals were found in the next season after tagging. There were no differences in the frequency of re-trapped individuals in relation to the toe-clipping treatment, as some marked individuals had part of the toe (two phalanges) clipped for skelotochronological analyses. An individual from this group was observed to have regenerated the clipped toe after one year. We did not find any indication of better body condition among the re-trapped individuals when comparing them to the marked toads at the time they were first captured. The important advantage of PIT tagging is the fact that all individuals are marked in the same way and their handling is similar. This makes it possible to compare various demographic parameters (growth rate, survival etc.). In addition, the number of animals that can be permanently marked using PITs is several times higher than through the use of codes resulting from the clipping of fingers and toes.
13

Endoparasite Isospora sp. [Coccidia, Eimeriidae] affects the growth of starling Sturnus vulgaris nestling

63%
Mazgajski T. D., Kedra A. H.
Acta Parasitologica
|
1998
|
tom 43
|
nr 4
The influence of coccidia on starling nestlings was analyzed. Isospora sp. was found in 67% of starling broods. Although some broods were heavily infected with Isospora sp., nestlings from most infected nests were on average heavier and had longer wings than nestlings from low infection and non-infected nests. Apparently, nestlings that were better fed, had also greater chance of being infected with Isospora sp. These results suggest that coccidia affect the growth of starling nestlings - and, although not pathogenic, may affect the reproductive success of starlings, especially when the parental feeding effort could not be sustained.
14
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Are nestlings of hole-nesting birds affected by ectoparasites? A review

63%
Mazgajski T. D., Kedra A. H.
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
|
1997
|
tom 43
|
nr 4
In this review the influence of ectoparasites on nestlings' of some hole-nesting birds is discussed, especially the impact on nestlings' mortality or condition.
15

Factors affecting anvils utilization by Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major

63%
Kedra A. H., Mazgajski T. D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2001
|
tom 49
|
nr 1
16
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Where have all the fleas gone? Low levels of blue tit Parus caeruleus nests infestation

63%
Kedra A. H., Mazgajski T. D.
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
|
1999
|
tom 45
|
nr 4
Prevalence of flea infestation in nests of Blue Tit Parus caeruleus was analyzed and compared with these of other hole-nesting birds. Nests were collected from nestboxes prior to youngs fledging. It was found that prevalence of fleas was very low in comparison to other studies of Blue Tits nests and to other bird species. The possible reasons of this low prevalence are discussed.
17

Forest fragment size affects edge effect in nest predation - experiment with artificial nests

63%
Mazgajski T. D., Rejt L.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2005
|
tom 53
|
nr 2
Many species react negatively to forest fragmentation. If this process also decreases the abundance of forest predators we expect that birds’ broods in small forest patches would be preyed upon only by predators that penetrate from the matrix while broods in larger patches would be also attacked by predators specifically associated with forests. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in forest patch size leads to an increase in predator pressure on nests. Studies were conducted in Central Poland, in an agriculturally dominant area with 6% forest cover and highly fragmented woodlots. Artificial nests were placed along transects from the forest edge to the center of the woodlot. Three patch sizes were chosen for the experiment: small (< 20 ha), medium (30–50 ha) and large (> 120 ha). One quail egg was placed in each nest. All transects were checked after 13– 14 days. The highest predation level was found in medium-sized patches, the lowest – in the largest patches. We found a reverse edge effect on nest predation in the largest patches, i.e. a decreased predation risk closer to the forest/matrix border. When comparing our results with other studies, it seems that the manner of classifying forest size significantly affects the results obtained. This may explain the differences in the results of many authors studying this phenomenon.
18

Amphibians of Białystok

51%
Chetnicki W., Siwak P., Mazgajska J., Mazgajski T. D.
Fragmenta Faunistica
|
2010
|
tom 53
|
nr 2
The research was carried out on 100 water bodies, from 1998 to 2000. There were 87 water reservoirs located in the area of Białystok, another 13 reservoirs were located in the Białystok surroundings, but outside the administrative boundaries (up to 2.5 km away). Several physical features of the breeding ponds in our study as well as their surroundings were described to determine the urbanization pressure in a given area. The frequency of occurrence of particular amphibian species and their number were determined. In the study area, amphibians belonging to 12 species (with one genetic hybrid) were found. Due to problems identifying "green frogs", they were put into one group for most of analyses. The most frequent amphibians within the administrative boundaries of Białystok were: the "green frogs" (observed in 66.6% of studied water bodies), the common frog (65.5%) and the moor frog (49.4%). These species occurred throughout the entire city. The rarest amphibian species were observed only on the outskirts of Białystok. They were: the crested newt (2.3%) and the natterjack (3.4%). The green toad is considered to be a species less sensitive to urbanization pressure. Paradoxically, it was rarely found in Białystok (9.2%) and only 22.2% of its breeding sites were located in the city centre.
19

Fleas Siphonaptera influence the condition of Starling Sturnus vulgaris nestlings

51%
Mazgajski T. D., Kedra A. H., Modlinska E., Samborski J.
Acta Ornithologica
|
1997
|
tom 32
|
nr 2
185-190
The influence of fleas on weight and body size in nestlings of Starlings was studied. Insecticide applied to nest material influenced flea larvae but not imagines. The presence of larvae and imagines in nests were considered indicators of nestlings and adult birds, respectively, being parasited. In general the presence of flea larvae or imagines in nests did not affect nestling weight or body size. However, when broods of different sizes were analyzed, there was a strong negative influence on the weight and body size of nestlings in bigger broods (4 nestlings). The presence of imagines had a much stronger influence on nestling condition than the presence of larvae. It was therefore suggested, that flea parasitism of adult Starlings affect nestling condition more than direct parasitism on nestlings.
20

Influence of the nest-site size on nestlings condition, the case of Starling Sturnus vulgaris

51%
Kedra A. H., Mazgajski T. D., Kowalczyk K.
Acta Ornithologica
|
1999
|
tom 34
|
nr 2
205-208
Nestlings' condition parameters (body weight, tarsus and wing length) of Starling breeding in nest-boxes of various sizes were studied during two years. Two types of nest-boxes were used: normal — typical for that species (bottom size 195 cm², depth 22 cm) and 20-25% smaller. It was found that Starling didn't adjust their clutches to nest-box size. Also number of fledglings was not related to nest-box size. Significant differences between nestling development in normal and smaller nest- boxes were found only during the first days of life, when nestling growth is intensive. In older stages of nestlings development those diferences dissappeared.
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