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1

Relationships within the Acanthocolpidae Luhe, 1906 and their place among the Digenea

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Bray R. A., Webster B. L., Bartoli P., Littlewood D. T. J.
Acta Parasitologica
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2005
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tom 50
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nr 4
The phylogeny of the Acanthocolpidae, a family of marinejlsh parasites, was assessed using SSU and LSU rDNA and combined sequences of thirteen putative species. Cableia púdica is found to be a basal monorchiid, not an acanthocolpid. The remaining species form a monophylum only if the marine mammal parasite, the brachycladiid Zalophotrema hepaticum is included. The Acanthocolpidae comprises two clades (Zalophotrema (Pleorchis, Tormopsolus)) and (Stephanostomum). Some morphological similarities were detected between Zalophotrema and Pleorchis, but Tormopsolus is morphologically more similar to Stephanostomum. Nine species of the large genus Stephanostomum were studied, including two species from two host species each, and the relationships inferred from the analysis of sequences were poorly reflected in morphological or biological characteristics. Evidence from sister taxa indicates that the parasites of piscivorous marine mammals, the Brachycladiidae, are derived from piscivorous marine fish parasites.
2

In search of mitochondrial markers for resolving the phylogeny of cyclophyllidean tapeworms [Platyhelminthes, Cestoda] - a test study with Davaineidae

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Littlewood D. T. J., Waeschenbach A., Nikolov P. N.
Acta Parasitologica
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2008
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tom 53
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nr 2
The most species rich order of tapeworms is the Cyclophyllidea and prior to wide-scale sampling of these worms for phylogenetics, we wished to develop reliable PCR primers that would capture fragments of mitochondrial (mt) DNA with phylogenetic utility across the order. Nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences are well-established and valuable markers for resolving flatworm interrelationships spanning a wide range of taxonomic divergences, but fail to provide resolution amongst recently diverged lineages. Entire mt genomes of selected cyclophyllidean tapeworms are available on GenBank, and we used these to design PCR primers to amplify mtDNA from cox1, rrnL and nad1 for a range of cyclophyllideans (7 davaineids, 1 hymenolepidid and 1 dilepidid) and selected outgroups (Tetrabothrius sp. and Mesocestoides sp.). A combined nuclear and mt gene data set was used to estimate a reference phylogeny and the performance of the individual genes was compared to this. Although nuclear and mt genes each contributed to the structure and stability of the phylogenetic estimate, strongest nodal support was provided by nuclear data amongst the basal lineages and by mt data amongst the most recently diverged lineages. The apparent complementarity afforded by combining nuclear and mt data was compromised by these data partitions providing conflicting signal at poorly supported nodes. Nevertheless, we argue for a combined evidence approach. PCR primers that amplify rrnL were designed and tested successfully against a diversity of cyclophyllideans; rrnL and nad1 appeared to be more informative than the fragment of cox1. The genus Raillietina was not supported by molecular evidence. The new primers will likely provide considerable resolution to estimates of cyclophyllidean interrelationships in future studies.
3

A new species of Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 [Digenea, Acanthocolpidae] with a bizarre oral sucker: S.adlardi sp.nov. from the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus [Lacepede, 1802] [Perciformes, Serranidae] from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef

100%
Bray R. A., Cribb T. H., Waeschenbach A., Littlewood D. T. J.
Acta Parasitologica
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2007
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tom 52
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nr 3
Bray R., Justine J.-L. 2007. Pseudopycnadena tendu sp. nov. (Digenea, Opecoelidae) in the yellow-spotted triggerfish Pseudobalistes fuscus (Perciformes, Balistidae) and additional opecoelids parasitizing fishes from the waters off New Caledonia. Acta Parasitologica, 52, 13–17. DOI: 10.2478/s11686-006-0051-3. CrossRefGoogle Scholar Hinsinger D.D., Justine J.-L. 2006. The ‘Pseudorhabdosynochus cupatus group’ (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) on Epinephelus fasciatus, E. howlandi, E. rivulatus and E. merra (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with descriptions of Pseudorhabdosynochus cyathus n. sp. and P. calathus n. sp. Systematic Parasitology, 64, 69–90. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-005-9018-2. PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar Justine J.-L. 2005. Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus fasciatus and E. merra (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia and other parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, with a comparison of measurements of specimens prepared with different methods and a description of P. caledonicus n. sp. Systematic Parasitology, 62, 1–37. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-005-5480-0. PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar Justine J.-L. 2007. Parasite biodiversity in a coral reef fish: twelve species of monogeneans on the gills of the grouper Epinephelus maculatus (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with a description of eight new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea: Diplectanidae). Systematic Parasitology, 66, 81–129. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-006-9057-3. PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar Laboute P., Grandperrin R. 2000. Poissons de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Éditions Catherine Ledru, Nouméa, New Caledonia, 520 pp. Google Scholar Randall J.E. 2005. Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 707 pp. Google Scholar Zeng B., Yang T. 2007. Description of Pseudorhabdosynochus justinei n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) and redescription of P. vagampullum (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from the gills of the longfin grouper Epinephelus quoyanus (Valenciennes) (Perciformes: Serranidae) in Dapeng Bay, South China Sea. Systematic Parasitology, 66, 223–235. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-006-9067-1.
4

The phylogeny of the Lepocreadioidea [Platyhelminthes, Digenea] inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes: Implications for their systematics and evolution

76%
Bray R. A., Waeschenbach A., Cribb T. H., Weedall G. D., Dyal P., Littlewood D. T. J.
Acta Parasitologica
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2009
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tom 54
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nr 4
310-329
The phylogenetic relationships of representative species of the superfamily Lepocreadioidea were assessed using partial lsrDNA and nad1 sequences. Forty-two members of the family Lepocreadiidae, six putative members of the Enenteridae, six gyliauchenid species and one Gorgocephalidae, were studied along with 22 species representing 8 families. The Lepocreadioidea is found to be monophyletic, except for the two species of the putative enenterid genus Cadenatella, which are found to be only distantly related to the lepocreadioids. The Lepocreadioidea is formed of five clades in a polytomy, the Gorgocephalidae, a clade containing the Enenteridae and Gyliauchenidae, a small clade of atypical lepocreadiines and the deep-sea lepidapedine lepocreadiids, a small clade consisting of a freshwater form and a group of shallow-water putative lepidapedines and the final clade includes the remaining lepocreadiids. Thus, the generally accepted concept of the Lepocreadiidae is polyphyletic. The Enenteridae (minus Cadenatella) and the Gyliauchenidae are jointly and individually monophyletic, and are sister groups. The nad1 gene on its own places a deep-sea lepocreadiine with the deep-sea lepidapedines, whereas lsrDNA, combined sequences and morphology place this deep-sea lepocreadiine within a group of typical lepocreadiids. It could not be demonstrated that a significant proportion of sites in the nad1 gene evolved under positive selection; this anomalous relationship therefore remains unexplained. Most deep-sea species are in a monophyletic group, a few of which also occur in shallow waters, retaining some characters of the deep-sea clade. Many lepocreadioid species infect herbivorous fish, and it may be that the recently discovered life-cycle involving a bivalve first intermediate host and metacercariae encysted on vegetation is a common life-cycle pattern. The host relationships show no indication of co-speciation, although the host-spectrums exhibited are not random, with related worms tending to utilize related hosts. There are, however, many exceptions. Morphology is found to be of limited value in indicating higher level relationships. For example, even with the benefit of hindsight the gyliauchenids show little morphological similarity to their sister group, the Enenteridae.
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