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The stress response is a metabolic program activated in response to unfavorable environmental factors. Various mechanisms are involved in its activation, depending on the type of stress factor and on the metabolic characteristics of the micro-organism. The stress response mechanisms occurring in bacteria are the general stress response, the stringent response, the oxidative stress response, the TA system, and QS, which is a mechanism of response to population cell density. The end result of the activation of this program, which is resistance to the same stress factor or cross-resistance (i.e. resistance to other types of stress factors), depends on the interaction at various levels between different stress response mechanisms. The phenomenon of resistance is particularly important in the case of soil bacteria, which is often exposed to both natural and anthropogenic stress factors. The stress response determines such diverse microbial functions as survival in periods of starvation, adaptation to the presence of antibiotics, synthesis of antibiotic substances, interactions with a eukaryotic symbiont, and atmospheric oxygen fixation. At the ecosystem level, it helps to maintain climax conditions, i.e. a quantitatively and qualitatively stabilized community of micro-organisms in a given environment, which affects the biological activity of the soil.
Kiełki roślin kapustowatych, takich jak brokuł, kalafior, rzeżucha, różne gatunki kapusty, rzodkiewki, rzepy charakteryzują się dużą zawartością składników odżywczych, błonnika, soli mineralnych i są niskokaloryczne. Procesy zachodzące podczas kiełkowania powodują, że kiełki zawierają łatwiej przyswajalne białka, lipidy i cukry w porównaniu z nasionami w stanie spoczynku. Spożywanie kiełków roślin kapustowatych dostarcza organizmowi cennych składników bioaktywnych: witamin i ich prekur- sorów, zwłaszcza kwasu askorbinowego, witamin z grupy B, tokoferoli, karotenów, kwasu foliowego, polifenoli i flawonoidów. Obficie występują też w nich najbardziej charakterystyczne dla tej rodziny roślin związ- ki: glukozynolany i izotiocyjaniany. Związki te chronią organizm przed procesami kancerogennymi i mają działanie przeciwbakteryjne. Warto włączyć kiełki roślin kapustowatych do diety, gdyż są produktem o wy- sokiej wartości żywieniowej i zawierają związki bioaktywne korzystnie wpływające na zdrowie człowieka.
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Based on the literature, this study presents the main problems associated with introducing iodine into food. The problem of iodization of table salt and its use in the production of processed food is analysed. This method of enriching the human diet with iodine is linked to the over-consumption of salt, and thus to the risk of hypertension and kidney disease. Because of the need to reduce consumption of table salt, alternative methods of supplying the body with iodine are gaining in popularity. Described are attempts to fortify foods of plant origin with iodine. One alternative method of enriching food with iodine is the cultivation of plants fertilized with iodine. The results are presented of experiments aimed at the cultivation of vegetables enriched with iodine and analysed methods of iodine fertilization: foliar application, soil application and hydroponic cultures. Also discussed are the problem of the effects of iodine, not only on yield, but also on selected physiological processes taking place in plants which are responsible for the biological quality of the crop.
Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the serious worldwide public health problem in the world. The need to search for alternative methods of iodine supplementation results from the recommendation of the World Heath Organization and aims to significantly reduce iodine malnutrition in humans diet. Iodine is not included among essentials nutrients for plants, but the plants are able to accumulate it. Seedlings biofortified with iodine can become an alternative source of this element for humans. The aim of the study was to attempt to obtain iodine-fortified lettuce and radish seedlings and to determine the effect of the level of iodine applied in the form of potassium iodide on their biological quality. The following levels of KI were used: 0 (control), 0.075, 0.15, 0.0375, 0.75 and 1.5 mg per Petri dishes. The effect of potassium iodide on the selected parameters of their biological quality varied depending on the KI doses and species of plant. The seedlings grown in the presence of KI had a higher iodine content. The results showed that the most appropriate biofortification application rates were 0.075 and 0.15 mg because the enriched seedlings had biological quality parameters similar to the control. Statistically significant differences in the parameters characterizing seedling quality were noted most often in the case of the highest amounts of KI (0.375–1.5 mg). These KI concentrations reduced seedling’s lenght in radish and lettuce seedling but increased dry weight only in lettuce. A significant increase in ascorbic acid concentration only in the lettuce seedlings was obtained. In comparison with the control, no significant differences in the content of biomass and chlorophyll content were noted in the biofortified seedlings. Thiol group content was decreased in both radish and lettuce, but the antioxidant activity measured by DPPH method only in lettuce seedling extracts.
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