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Many studies have shown that root–shoot imbalance influences vegetative growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), but few have examined changes in leaf senescence and endogenous hormones due to stem girdling. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between some endogenous phytohormones, particularly cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA), and leaf senescence following stem girdling. Field-grown cotton plants were girdled on the main stem 5 days after squaring (DAS), while the non-girdled plants served as control. Plant biomass, seed cotton yield, main-stem leaf photosynthetic (Pn) rate, chlorophyll (Chl) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, as well as levels of cytokinins and ABA in main-stem leaves and xylem sap were determined after girdling or at harvest. Main-stem girdling decreased the dry root weight and root/shoot ratio from 5 to 70 days after girdling (DAG) and reduced seed cotton yield at harvest. Main-stem leaf Pn and Chl concentration in girdled plants were significantly lower than in control plants. Much higher levels of MDA were observed in main-stem leaves from 5 to 70 DAG, suggesting that stem girdling accelerated leaf senescence. Girdled plants contained less trans-zeatin and its riboside (t-Z + t-ZR), dihydrozeatin and its riboside (DHZ + DHZR), and isopentenyladenine and its riboside (iP + iPA), but more ABA than control plants in both main-stem leaves and xylem sap. These results suggested that main-stem girdling accelerated leaf senescence due to reduced levels of cytokinin and/or increased ABA. Cytokinin and ABA are involved in leaf senescence following main-stem girdling.
The fast development of oil products leads to growing waste emissions and oil spill accidents. Oil dissolved in water causes many immediate and potentially chronic adverse effects on marine habitats and coastal ecosystems. Electro-Fenton technology possesses many significant advantages for treatment of refractory material from water. The possibility of using in situ electrochemical reaction of the bipolar electro-Fenton process for solving oil pollution problems in seawater is investigated. The study shows that the bipolar electro- Fenton technology is feasible for treatment of oily seawater. In the process of the bipolar electro-Fenton, operating current density and pH have effects on the removal efficiency of oil pollution from seawater. Higher current density is favorable for removal of oil pollution, and the optimum pH was 2.5-3.5. Under the optimum pH value of 3.5 and current density of 25 mA/m², the oil and COD concentration decreased about 90-95%. By process of the bipolar electro-Fenton, most of the components of oil were degraded to smaller molecular compounds. In addition to indirect oxidation, electro flocculation and adsorption is inevitable for the removal of pollutants when using bipolar electro-Fenton.
The species of the genus Poecilosomella Duda, 1925 from continental China are reviewed. Six species are now known to occur in continental China. Two species, Poecilosomella biseta sp. nov. and Poecilosomella guangdongensis sp. nov., are described as new to science. A key is presented to separate these species.
Treating plants with abiotic or biotic factors can lead to the establishment of a unique primed state of defense. Primed plants display enhanced defense reactions upon further challenge with environmental stressors. Here, we report that trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) pretreatment can alleviate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) toxicity in 2-week-old wheat plants. The data indicate that Cr(III)- pretreated wheat displayed longer survival times and less heavy metal toxicity symptoms under Cr(VI) exposure than the control. To investigate the possible mechanism from an antioxidant defense perspective, we determined the H₂O₂ and lipid peroxide content (TBARS), the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) and the antioxidant metabolite content (ascorbate and glutathione content, AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios) in pretreated wheat roots. The results showed that 0.5 μM Cr(III) pretreatment can alleviate oxidative damage, such as H₂O₂ and TBARS accumulation, in root tissues compared to the control during the first 3 days of Cr(VI) exposure. Furthermore, we determined that this pretreatment can significantly increase the antioxidant enzyme activities and total ascorbate and glutathione contents compared to the control treatment. In addition, redox homeostasis declined slightly in pretreated wheat compared to the control in the presence of Cr(VI). We discuss a possible mechanism for Cr(III)-mediated protection of wheat.
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