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The aim of this study was to determine the rate of removal of heavy metals depending on a treatment method applied to leachate from a municipal waste landfill. After the biological treatment, concentrations of Cu, Zn and Ni were observed to have increased. Application of the reagent Fenton caused further growth in Cu, Zn, and also Pb concentrations. The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Ni were observed when the Fe2+: H2O2 ratio in Fenton was 1:3. The lowest concentrations of these heavy metals were observed at a 1:5 ratio of Fe2+ : H2O2. The concentration lead, for example, was over 30-fold higher than in raw leachate. There was not correlation between the COD values in raw leachate or in biologically or chemically processed leachate and the concentrations of the analysed metals.
The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of solid filling on the effectiveness of removal of organic substances (as COD) and ammonium from leachate from municipal landfills in SBR and SBBR reactors. The reactors worked on a laboratory scale reactors working under aerobic conditions at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 d.COD values in outflow were similar: on average 635 mg O2·dm-3 (SBR) and 646 mg O2·dm-3 (SBBR). Regardless of the presence or absence of filling, nitrate dominated in the effluent. The average concentration was 693 mg NNQ3·dm3·h-1 in SBR and 699 mg NNQ3·dm3 in SBBR. The concentrations of ammonium and nitrite were low, less than 2.9 mg NNH4·dm-3 and 0.5 mg NNO2·dm-3 (SBR), and 3.2 mg NNH4·dm-3 and 0.3 mg NNO2·dm-3 (SBBR). The results indicate that the presence of solid filling did not influence the effectiveness of nitrification in activated sludge.
Nucleotide sequences of the partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and flanking tRNA Phe gene (a total of 150bp) were determined in eight specimens of European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, representing five rivers in southwestern Poland. Two haplotypes, A and B, were identified which differed from each other by two nucleotide substitutions. Haplotype A was detected in fish from two rivers, the Zadrna and Bóbr, whereas haplotype B was detected in fish from three others, the Widna, Biala Gluchołazka and Metuja. The different phylogenetic position of the mtDNA haplotypes observed in samples from rivers which are in close proximity may suggest genetic structuring of grayling populations in the region, but further sampling is required to test this hypothesis.
We developed a real-time PCR assay for measuring relative quantities (RQ) of p53 tumor suppressor mRNA in the whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus, Salmonidae, Teleostei). Real-time PCR primers for the p53 gene were designed from a region that was found to be conserved among salmonid p53 genes. To test for the usefulness of the assay we performed a treatment study, using benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) a putative p53-inducer. Two groups of hatchery raised whitefish, with an average body mass of 15 g and total length of 12 cm were either given an intraperitoneal injection (10 mg • kg-1) of B[a]P in corn oil (2 mg B[a]P ml-1 corn oil) or corn oil alone (Control). After treatment (48 h, 7°C), two random fish from each group were anesthetized and the liver, head kidney and brain were collected for mRNA isolation and analysis. In the control fish, relative quantification analysis based on the p53 mRNA levels in liver (RQ=1.00) showed higher basal levels of p53 mRNA in the head kidney (RQ=1.69), and lower in the brain (RQ=0.41). In all three tissues sampled, p53 mRNA was affected by treatment with B[a]P. Liver tissue showed the greatest induction (RQ=1.53) from base levels (RQ=1.00), followed by brain (RQ=1.36), and head kidney (RQ=1.23). These results confirm that p53 mRNA is generally present at lower levels in differentiated tissues (liver and brain) than in those tissues with cell lines (head kidney), and demonstrate that p53 is moderately inducible by B[a]P in the whitefish. The approach presented here has the advantage of providing rapid and accurate measures of p53 induction in various tissues of fish responding to PAH contaminant exposure.
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