Specific characteristics of sport disciplines require their performers to meet certain demands, also those related to body build. A success is conditioned, among other things, by the morphological structure of competitors. For this cause, their somatic features should be taken into consideration in the selection process. The aim of this research was to describe the level of morphological development and body proportions of swimmers in comparison to their non-practicing peers. What is more, different methods were used to evaluate body tissue composition. The research was based on the measurements of 33 swimmers and 36 non-practicing sport males as a control group, with the average training period of 9 years. The subjects ranged from 18 to 23 years of age. The anthropometric features were examined. Two methods, anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance, were used to estimate the amount of body fat. Athletes performing swimming are characterized by the significant body height, long trunk, wide range of arms and highly developed shoulder girdle. Directed and systematic training has an influence on a great development of the upper part of the trunk and a slight decrease in body fat. The observed differences indicate that depth, circumference and mobility of the chest developed in swimming have a positive influence on the respiratory system. Poor differences observed in the amount of fat in the athletes and non-practicing subjects may result from the fact that the body accumulates fat tissue, used as a good thermal insulation.
Background: Among specific coordination abilities, kinesthetic differentiation capacity of movement belongs to the most crucial factors fostering rational human behavior in the surrounding environment. The capacity is universal – indispensable in nearly all sports disciplines. One of the most important constituent elements of kinesthetic differentiation is the so-called “force sense,” defined as differentiation of movement with respect to administering appropriate force. The authors of the study analyzed the correlation between the maximum force level in lower limbs and the accuracy of applying a targeted force value. Material/Methods: The study was conducted on 54 participants, students from the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław. To determine the maximum force (Fmax) and force sense in lower limbs, a specialist device was used, “the characterograph of muscle strength in limbs”. Results: The mean force sense was 43.28 N in the participants’ left lower limbs, and 58.33 N in the right limbs. The mean maximum force (Fmax) was higher in the right lower limb (897.17 N) than in the left one (769.94 N). The correlation coefficient between the variables of the maximum force level and the force sense in the left lower limb was 0.38. The same level of correlation was observed for the right lower limb (0.37). Conclusions: The positive correlation observed between the higher level of maximum force and kinesthetic differentiation of lower limbs in students from the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław implies that a training session appropriately planned to raise the maximum force level may positively influence the force sense value.
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