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Distribution and expression of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) in different breeds and tissues of pigs were studied by means of immunohistochemical and RT-PCR methods.Three Huai and three Landrace pigs each were individually housed at the Fujian Shanghang Huai pig breeding farm under similar feeding conditions. Pigs were humanely slaughtered at saleable weight and samples of kidney, liver and skeletal muscle were collected for expression analyses.HMGR mRNA expressions in liver, muscle and kidney of Huai pigs both occurred higher than expression found in the Landrace. Positive staining of HMGR protein was revealed in the three tissues considered. The HMGR protein expression level was not significant statistically in liver,muscle and kidney across two breeds, but the amount of Huai pig HMGR protein expressed in three tissues was higher than that of the Landrace. The level of HMGR protein expression in liver was higher than in the muscle and renal tissues (P<0.05). The results demonstrate that HMGR expression in pigs may depend on tissue and species.
Two plants having tubular stems were examined. Water lily belongs to nymphaeaceae, while butterbur belongs to asteraceae. These plants are not relatives; however both have large leaves with lacinia. Furthermore, these plants have tubular long stems. Observations of leaf surface are described. Water lily leaf has an inside layer consisting of a network polygonal structure. The leaf has three layers at the microscopic level including small transparent skin tissue, and a middle layer showing a polygonal green structure where photosynthesis can be performed. The bottom layer shows fine tubular tissues. Stomas are observed on the surface of the leaf, with transparent tissue on the top layer and the stem of the butterbur with honeycomb (polygonal) structures in the leaves and stems. Plants are of interest for technology because their remarkable functional structure may provide clues for applications in materials science. In this study, the fine structures of the two plants were observed to learn their functional structure.
The frequently changed temperature could have great effects on soil fauna community during soil thawing period in cold areas. Therefore, soil faunas were investigated in both the soil organic layer (OL) and mineral soil layer (ML) in the primary fir (Abies faxoniana) forest (PF), fir and birch (Betula albosinensis) mixed forest (MF) and secondary fir forest (SF) in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau every ten days between March 5 and April 25, 2009. Soil macrofauna was picked up by hand in the fields. Mesofauna was collected and separated from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods, respectively. The dominated species of macrofauna belongedto Coleoptera and Diptera at the early stage of soil thawing, and to Coleoptera, Diptera, Araneae and Hymenoptera at the later stage. However, the dominated species of mesofauna belonged to Nematode, Collembola, and Acari in the whole soil thawing. The density, number of taxa, and diversity index of soil fauna showed significant change with temperature fluctuations and reached an obvious peak when soil temperatures rising above 0°C. The density and number of taxa of macrofauna in both the OL and ML were the lowest on March 5 in the three forests, but the density of mesofauna in both the OL and ML was the highest on March 25, except for the ML in the PF. These results implied that soil fauna community was sensitive to temperature fluctuations, which is important in understanding the ecological processes in the winter–spring transitional period.
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