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A comprehensive analysis has been made of the mechanical properties and density of 100 timber species. The correlation between the mechanical properties and wood density has been approximated by a power function type y = aρn. No functional relation has been found between the parameters describing mechanical properties of the cell wall and the wood density. The values of these parameters show great scatter of about ±50% relative to the mean value. An attempt has been made to identify other wood characteristics determining the mechanical properties of wood. The species characterised by extremely high values of the parameters describing mechanical properties of wood have been singled out. The greatest differentiation in the values has been noted for the tensile strength. Among the coniferous species of similar density the differences have reached 113% on average, while among the deciduous species – 143%, at the differences in density being only of 15%.
Swelling pressure in longitudinal direction has been determined on the basis of the time dependence of intensity of hygro-mechanical creep on the stretching, by the method of Moliński and Raczkowski [11]. The external stress needed for total inhibition of unidirectional spruce wood longitudinal swelling has been established. The maximum value of the swelling pressure determined on the basis of hygro-mechanical deformations of spruce wood samples simultaneously subjected to stretching in longitudinal direction and moistening is 14.4 MPa which is by 60% higher than the corresponding value found by the direct method of swelling inhibition for spruce wood sample of the same density.
Demographic processes due to fast growth of the global population and urbanization are the main reason for increasing demands for food and feed. Due to urbanization processes about 50% of food is exported into towns. In consequence on a world scale about 83 million t NPK are also transferred into towns and hardly recycle to the land where they came from. In the last decade the global production of cereals, oilseed crops, sugar crops showed some specific trends, i.e. the sown area declined (cereals, sugar beets), but the production level has been almost constant due to higher yields per ha. It means higher nutrients removal from the field with the harvest. The increasing intensity of oilseed crops, root crops and sugar crops production requires, in turn, higher level of soil fertility due to relatively poor root systems when compared to cereals. However, the current fertilizer use patterns are much worse that at the end of the 80-ies. The consumption of fertilizers, generally decreased, but also the structure of NPK use underwent some negative changes. The special attention should be focused on the potassium consumption. The resulting NK ratio in global fertilizer use depreciated rapidly from a fairly balanced ratio of 1:0,4 to currently 1:0,27. This ratio dramatically worsened in the Central Europe countries, including Poland. It has been documented, through long-term experiments, that negative K balance results in a huge reduction in the content of soil K, causing its mining. On the other hand, numerous field trials give evidence that adequate use of potassium fertilizers, i.e. in balance with the other essential nutrients increases yield and improves its quality. It is important to many countries, like Poland, that adequate K fertilization also increases crops response to water deficits, increases resistance to diseases. There are some other benefits of balanced potassium use (i) environmental — higher efficiency of nitrogen (ii) economic — increasing farmer’s profits generates income, which is partly used for purchase of non-agricultural products; business attraction to the rural areas (iii) social — rural areas development, social security, etc.
The study investigated execution tolerances and profile load capacity curves occurring in industrial conditions. Using graphic images of fits expanded by profile load capacity curves, an attempt was made to explain the effect of the profile load capacity curve on the fitting character of the tenon joint.
Investigations were carried out to determine execution accuracy of length, width and thickness dimensions of solid parquet elements in industrial conditions. The authors employed STAT-9000 computer software to assess the obtained results. It allowed calculation of the process quality capability index and preparation of the Shewhart control cards x¯ – s.
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