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The seeds of Calendula officinalis harvested in the years 1985-1987 were investigated. Agar medium with nitrients was used to isolate the fungi. As a result of the mycological analysis, 3642 isolates belonging to 23 species and dark unsporulating mycelium were obtained. Aiternana alternata dominated among the isolated fungi. Moreover, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were obtained from the seeds.
The purpose of the studies was to determine the populations of fungi and bacteria after the cultivation of spring wheat and winter wheat. As a result of the studies it was found out that winter wheat had a stimulating effect on the total number of bacteria, especially Pseudomonas spp.. On the other hand, spring wheat had a smaller influence on the growth of bacteria, while stimulating the growth of the number of fungi. Among the bacteria and saprophytic fungi isolated from the soil after the cultivation of particular plants there were microorganisms having antagonistic effect towards phytopathogens. Three times as many antagonists were found in the soil after the cultivation of winter wheat as after the cultivation of spring wheat.
The purpose of the studies was to determine the effect of such preparations as Biochikol 020 PC, Polyversum and Biosept 33 SL on the formation of microorganisms communities in the rhizosphere soil of soybean. Results of the studies pointed to a positive effect of biopreparations on the increase number of cfu total bacteria, Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. After the application of biopreparations balance between pathogens and saprobionts was maintained in the rhizosphere soil of soybean. Such relation did not exist after using chemical preparations. Biopreparations increased the number of antagonistic bacteria – Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and fungi – Gliocladium spp., Trichoderma spp.
The object of the studies were soybean plants grown of the seeds dressed with Polyversum, Biochikol 020 PC and Biosept 33 SL. At anthesis those plants were sprayed with the same biopreparations. The experiment considered a combination with the chemical preparation Zaprawa Oxafun T for seed dressing, and Bravo Plus SC for spraying plants at anthesis. It can be stated on the basis of the obtained results that the application of biopreparations for seed dressing and spraying plants at anthesis was similar to that of chemical preparations. Among the studied biopreparations, Biosept 33 SL turned out to be the most effective in protecting plants from soil-borne pathogenic fungi.
Field experiments conducted in the years 1990-1995 were localized at the Plant Cultivation Station, Ulhówek to repeat the cultivation of spring barley cultivars Roland and Lot. In conditions of monoculture, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium culmorum were of the foremost importance in causing root and stem rot. The proportion of infected plants did not increase with time. Depending on the period of vegetation and the cultivar, the percentage of seedlings with necrosis symptoms ranged from 6% to 53,5% and that of stem base rot from 14% to 59%. In the case of both cultivars, root and stem rot was especially intensive in the third successive season of vegetation, i, e., in 1992. That season was characterized by warm and wet weather conditions, favourable for the infection of seedlings by B. sorokiniana during the period of six weeks after the sowing of grain. Bipolaris sorokiniana always had the greatest proportion in the infection of spring barley but not in the seasons distinguished by hot and dry weather conditions. On the other hand, during dry and hot weather conditions the only or the dominating fungus obtained from the infected stem base after the heading of spring barley was F. culmorum. In conditions of monoculture, favourable for root and stem rot of spring barley, the temperature and rainfalls clearly distinguished the proportion of B. sorokiniana and F. culmorum in plant infection.
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