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Zmiany na rynku wina w Polsce w latach 1999-2009

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Scharakteryzowano polski rynek wina oraz zmiany jakie na nim zachodziły w latach 1999-2009. W tym celu użyto tradycyjnych technik eksploracji danych. Do prezentacji rozkładu geograficznego spo- życia wina w polskich gospodarstwach domowych wykorzystano gradacyjne techniki prezentacji danych geograficznych. Głównym materiałem badawczym były dane pochodzące z GUS.
The aim of the experiment is to investigate and compare the components of the winter debris of two breeds of bees: Carniolan and Italian and microscopic tests of the bees samples from the experimental debris for the presence of Nosema sp. The study was carried on 20 wintering bee colonies in the apiary of the Apiculture Division of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. The research material was debris falling during the winter at the bottom of the hive that was bees, wax cappings, eggs, wax, pollen pellets, dark hardened fungal clods and fecal stains on the pads. The examination was conducted during the overwintering 2008/2009. In the spring of 2009 microscopic examination was conducted (samples of bees from the experimental debris for the presence of Nosema sp.). Pollen pellets are originated from bee bread, which bees use to feed the brood and was collected from two different breeds of bees. The presence of eggs in debris testifies to the fact that in winter queen of two studied breeds of bees are also lying eggs. The presence of fecal spots in debris is sporadic but it is the sign of no-semosis. Microscopic examination confirmed the assumption that the appearance of the fecal spots was a symptom of Nosema sp. presence. Nosema sp. infects bees of both breeds. Carniolan breed bees tend to self-medicate from nosemosis. Lack of feces does not indicate the lack of nosemosis in the case of both mentioned breeds of bees.
Bee products, such as honey, propolis, pollen, bee bread, bee venom and royal jelly, are rich in vitamins, minerals and healthy fats. People often derive benefits from nature and apply these products as dietary supplements or therapeutics against various diseases. Until recently little has been known of their effects on animals. Recent years, however, have seen a growing interest in the possibility of using bee products in the nutrition and treatment of farm animals. This study collects and presents the current state of knowledge on the therapeutic and nutritional properties of these products in livestock, and summarizes the results of various experiments conducted in Poland and other countries.
Toxic elements often occur in the natural environment at doses higher than the maximum allowable concentration. The honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is inextricably connected with the external environment, from which it obtains air and water and food. Bees are exposed to contaminants while collecting pollen, nectar, honeydew and water. Therefore, they are highly sensitive to all kinds of environmental pollution and water and air contamination. It is proven that there is a close relationship between the level of accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants and their content in the bodies of bees and in bee products. Bees are good biological indicators of environmental contamination. At the same time, heavy metals accumulate in bee products that are later consumed by humans and animals. Research on the content of these metals in the bodies and brood of bees is extremely important because the increased use of chemicals in agriculture and other environmental factors, such as pollution with toxic elements, affect the health and mortality of bees. This paper provides an overview of studies on the harmfulness and bioaccumulation of lead, mercury and cadmium in the bodies of bees and on the impact of these elements on living organisms.
Carbon dioxide is commonly used to anesthetize the bee queen during instrumental insemination. It can be used both during the insemination procedure, and also to speed up the start of oviposition of instrumentally inseminated queen bees. Anesthesia is not indifferent to the bees’ condition and is unable to reduce the queen latency period to a similar duration as in naturally mated queens. Aside from experiments on bee queens research on worker bees is also conducted because of costs reduction as well as the fact that adverse effects of anesthesia are more pronounced in worker bees than in queens. Therefore the aim of this study carried out on worker bees is to determine the influence of different atmospheric compositions during their awakening from anesthesia. The study was conducted in 2008 in the apiary of the Apiculture Division of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. 3960 Carniolan bees at the age of 2 weeks were studied. All of the 10 bees placed in plastic mail cages were anaesthetized with carbon dioxide for 3 minutes and then awakened in a chamber with a controlled composition of the atmosphere. 33 repetitions were conducted, each of them included 6 groups of the following atmospheric compositions: 1. oxygen 100%; 2. nitrogen 100%; 3. oxygen/nitrogen 30%/70%; 4. oxygen/nitrogen 50%/50%; 5. oxygen/nitrogen 70%/30%; 6. control group, natural composition of atmospheric air. Awakening time was determined by first breathing movements observed and then upon their fully awakening. The awakening of bees after carbon dioxide anesthesia follows a different course in relation to the atmospheric composition during recovery. Awakening in a pure oxygen and pure nitrogen atmosphere significantly prolongs the time to the appearance of the first respiratory movements and the total time to full awakening of bees (in comparison to the control group). Awakening in an atmosphere composed of 70% of oxygen and 30% of nitrogen significantly reduces the time to the appearance of the first respiratory movements and the time of the full awakening of bees. The highest survival rate 14 days after awaking was found in group 5 (70% of oxygen and 30% of nitrogen). The shortest survival rate, (22 days), had bees that awakened in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.
Bee anesthesia has long been widely used in scientific research and for practical purposes. Bee anesthesia is usually induced with carbon dioxide. It is required for such procedures as populating mating hives and cages, introducing queen bees and instrumental insemination. The oxygen to nitrogen ratio may play a very important role in the process of awakening. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the survival rate of worker bees after the application of different concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in their recovery from anesthesia. The general purpose was to determine the optimal gas mixture for the fastest recovery and the longest survival of bees. The results of this study provide a basis for future experiments on queen bees aimed at accelerating the awakening from anesthesia with carbon dioxide during insemination as well as the initiation of laying eggs. The lowest bee mortality in the first days after awakening from anesthesia was observed in the group awoken in a mixture of 48.6% O₂ and 51.4% N₂, but the highest average survival rate was noted in the group awoken in 60% O₂ and 40% N₂.
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