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The Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers are amongst the largest in the world. Since the dawn of civilisation they have played a pivotal role in the social and economic life of the countries that they flow through: Nepal, India and Bangladesh. It is there that same of the very first civilisations originated. They owed their existence to the first farmers, for whom settling in a larger group and harvesting together brought only benefits. Even today, most of the local population harvests the land, just like their forefathers did several thousand years before. The edible crops provide a basis of nutrition for the natives and industrial crops serve as major sources of income for these countries. In the Ganges and the Brahmaputra valleys there lie many urban areas, including several with a population that exceeds 10 million. Those include Calcutta - 15.7 million, Delhi 13.2 million, and Dhaka - 12.3 million. The Ganges waters are used for religious and ritual purposes as Hinduism deems the river holy. In addition, it is one of the most polluted rivers in the world, its condition partially being due to ritual ceremonies. The use of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra waters was a cause for many conflicts between India and Bangladesh. Even though a compromise was reached, each of the two countries is still trying to prove that they have more rights to use the priceless waters.
Bangladesh is characterized by a low level of urbani zation. In 1981 the urban population constituted 15,5% of the wole population, whereas in 1991 - 20,2%. The figures indicate the high dynamism of transformation in the settlement. In the process ofurbanization of Bangladesh the municipalities centers - pourashvas - which in 1995 amounted to 119, are of fundamental importance. Besides their administrative functions, they a big economical importance. In the years 1981-1991, the rate of growth of the cities was characterized by a great differentation. The differentation reflected the investment policy, which influenced their economical and social development, making them more or less attractive for immigrations. The high rate of the growth still had the biggest cities of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi, which are so-called Statistical Metropolitan Areas (SMA).
W artykule omówiono rozmieszczenie miast w odniesieniu do wybranych elementów środowiska przyrodniczego. Analizą objęto miasta Indii, Indonezji, Nepalu i Bangladeszu. Artykuł oparto na pracach magisterskich wykonanych w Zakładzie Geografii Regionalnej.
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