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Species-specific changes in expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and lignin content were detected in roots of soybean (Glycine max L.) and lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) seedlings treated with different concentrations of cadmium (Cd2+, 0-25 mg/l) or lead (Pb2+, 0-350 mg/l). The stimulatory effect of both metals was observed in mRNA coding for PAL in soybean. In the case of lupine, changes of PAL mRNA level were dependent on the metal used: Cd2+ caused a decrease, whereas Pb2+ an increase of PAL transcript level. The activity of PAL was enhanced in both plant species at higher metal concentrations (15-25 mg/l of Cd2+ or 150-350 mg/l of Pb2+); however it was not directly correlated with PAL mRNA. This suggests a transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of PAL expression under heavy metals stress. In soybean, Cd2+ or Pb2+ treatment increased lignin content, while in lupine the effect was opposite. The decreased lignin accumulation in lupine roots in response to heavy metals, despite an increased PAL activity, suggests that the activated phenylpropanoid pathway was involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites other than lignin.
Presented analyses were connected with modelling foliage biomass of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in northern and western Poland. In order to realize the study, a total of 38 one-hectare experimental plots were established in commercial pine monocultures growing on sites optimal for this species at a given geographical location. A total of 114 trees aged 32-114 years were felled and their needle weight and the weight of needles and young, 1-year old twigs were measured. Since social variation in the stand could affect the fit of the model, for each social class of tree position an individual allometric equation was proposed, based on easily measurable biometric traits of trees. Analysis of stepwise backward regression was conducted in order to determine variables in these equations. It turned out that to estimate foliage biomass of predominant and dominant trees, it seems most appropriate to apply diameter at breast height and tree age. In turn, for co-dominant trees, apart from diameter at breast height and tree age, the model needs to include additionally tree height and crown length. Moreover, due to the fact that the dependence between needle weight and the weight of needles and young twigs is practically linear, prediction was conducted for the biomass of foliage with young twigs. From the practical point of view, this makes it possible to precisely determine needle biomass on the basis of the weight of needles with young, 1-year-old shoots.
Cadmium-induced oxidative burst is partially mediated by NADPH oxidase. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the role of NADPH oxidase in soybeans’ response to short-term cadmium stress. The application of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), affected expression of two Cd-inducible genes, encoding DOF1 and MYBZ2 transcription factors. This effect was observed after 3 h of treatment. Interestingly, Cd-dependent increases in NADPH oxidase activity occurred only after a period of time ranging from 6 and 24 h of stress. Stimulation of the enzyme correlated in time with a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further analysis revealed that pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity during 24 h of Cd stress does not affect Cd uptake, seedling growth, or the level of lipid peroxidation. The role of NADPH oxidase in the response of soybean seedlings to short-term Cd exposure is discussed.
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