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This paper focuses on the role of small and medium-sized ports (SMPs) in enhancing the competitiveness and logistics performance of multi-port gateway regions and associated inland logistics systems. The concepts developed will be applied to the ports in the northeast of China, a multi-port gateway region around the Bohai Sea Economic Rim (BER). Port competition is analyzed by multi-variable methodology and generalized common characteristics of SMPs compared to gateway ports, and the similarities of SMPs and SMEs are also compared. Later in this paper, we analyze the role of a SMP in such region in different variables: (a) cargo volume and market share; (b) international connectivity; (c) relative cluster position; (d) port city and hinterland connection; and (e) logistics and distribution function. The five-dimension analysis combined with in-depth cases study of typical Yingkou port describes a profile of SMPs in the BER and provides future study possibility for more SMPs cases worldwide
Rosa rugosa is a famous traditional flower in China used not only as a landscape plant but also as a timehonored and valuable aromatic plant. The natural aromatic substance 2-phenylethanol is the major indispensable ingredient of rose flower and rose essential oil. This study adopted R. rugosa ‘Tanghong’ as a test material to isolate 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis related genes RrAADC and RrPAR. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of the two genes in different flower developmental stages and floral organ parts were measured, and the relationship of 2-phenylethanol accumulation to RrAADC and RrPAR expression in R. rugosa was determined. The content of 2-phenylethanol in R. rugosa gradually increased with the degree of flower opening and peaked at the withering stage. The expression level of RrAADC gradually decreased with the degree of flower opening. Meanwhile, the expression level of RrPAR gradually increased from the budding stage to the half opening stage, rapidly decreased at the full opening stage, and slightly increased again toward the withering stage. The content of 2-phenylethanol was the highest in the petals, followed by that in the stamens and pistils. However, this compound was not detected in other parts of the fully opened flower. The expression level of RrAADC peaked in the stamens but was relatively low in the other parts. The expression level of RrPAR was the highest in the stamens and calyxes, followed by that in the pistils and receptacles, and the lowest in the petals and stalks. These results suggest that RrAADC and RrPAR coordinately regulate the biological synthesis of 2-phenylethanol in R. rugosa.
Elephants were confined to Mengyang Protected Area in China and their distribution range had reduced greatly compared to past records. A preliminary study of habitat selection by Asian elephantsElephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 and their distribution was conducted in Mengyang Protected Area and its surrounds using site visits and transect surveys from July 2003 to December 2006. Although no variable significantly influenced their habitat selection, elephants still showed preference for altitudes between 900 and 1200 m, gradients <30°, and orientations to the south-east, south and south-west. Human activities, including habitat transformation and degradation, disturbance by large infrastructure and poaching were considered to be the main factors inducing elephant distribution changes.
Trans la tion is the pro cess by which ri bo somes di rect pro tein syn the sis us ing the ge­netic in for ma tion con tained in mes sen ger RNA (mRNA). Trans fer RNAs (tRNAs) are charged with an amino acid and brought to the ri bo some, where they are paired with the cor re spond ing trinucleotide codon in mRNA. The amino acid is at tached to the na­scent polypeptide and the ri bo some moves on to the next codon. Thus, the se quen tial pair ing of codons in mRNA with tRNA anticodons de ter mines the or der of amino ac­ids in a pro tein. It is there fore im per a tive for ac cu rate trans la tion that tRNAs are only cou pled to amino ac ids cor re spond ing to the RNA anticodon. This is mostly, but not exclusively, achieved by the di rectattachmentoftheappropriateaminoacidtothe 3 -end of the cor re spond ing tRNA by the aminoacyl-tRNA syn the tas es. To en sure the accurate translation of genetic information, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases must display an extremely high level of substrate specificity. Despite this highly conserved function, re cent stud ies aris ing from the anal y sis of whole genomes have shown a significant de gree of evo lu tion ary di ver sity in aminoacyl-tRNA syn the sis. For ex am ple, non-canonical routes have been iden ti fied for the syn the sis of Asn-tRNA, Cys-tRNA, Gln-tRNA and Lys-tRNA. Char ac ter iza tion of non-canonical aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis has re vealed an un ex pected level of evo lu tion ary di ver gence and has also pro vided new in sights into the pos si ble pre cur sors of con tem po rary aminoacyl-tRNA syn the tases.
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