The aim of this study was to determine genetic effect of cow breed and feeding season on content of bioactive whey protein of cow's milk. In the selected biodynamic dairy farm, cows of two different breeds, i.e. Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein-Friesian black and white (HF) were kept under the same environment conditions. The samples of milk were collected twice (in summer and winter) from 30 cows (in the same for number from BS and HF). Content of following whey protein: P-lactoglobuline (P-LG), a-lactoalbumine (a-LA), lactoferrin (Lf), lacto-peroxidase (Lp), lisozyme (Lz) and bovine serum albumine (BSA) were determined used RP-HPLC technique. The studies showed a significant effect of breed and feeding season on the content of whey proteins in milk. The average content of whey proteins in milk of cows ranged from 0.73% for the HF breed in winter to 0.84% for the BS breed in summer. Important differences weren't stated in the content of lactoferrin and lactopero-xidase in the milk, and for her the content fluctuated from 0.201 to 0.259 g/l and from 0.111 to 0.154 g/l appropriately at examined breeds. There were no statistically significant differences in the level of a-lactoalbumine in the milk of cows. Its content was ranged from 1.663 to 1.994 g/l. Statistically important differences were shown in conducted experience for the breeds and the feeding season (P < 0.01) for the content of P-lacto-globuline from BS cows in the period of summer feeding was 5.38 g/l, however reduced to the level herself by the winter 4.62 g/l. The similar trend was shown in the milk of HF cows in the summer season the concentration of this white was 4.60 g/l, and in the winter season underwent lowering up to 4.41 g/l. The experiment demonstrated statistically significant differences for the breed and feeding season for the content of P-lactoglobuline in cow's milk.
Relationships between milk β-carotene concentrations and the cytological quality of cow’s milk. The objective of the study was to describe the relationship between milk β-carotene concentration and the cytological quality of milk of high yielding cows. The experiment was carried out at the research dairy farm of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS). From a herd of 320 Polish Holstein Friesian cows maintained in a free–stall dairy shed 58 cows were selected taking into consideration the stage of lactation (15±14 days). Cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) diet provided ad libitum. Four groups of cows taking into consideration concentration of β–carotene in milk has been created: 1) <150 mg L-1; 2) 151-250 mg L-1; 3) 251-450 mg L-1; 4) > 450 mg L-1. The content of β–carotene and SCC amounted at the herd level: 192 tys ml-1 and 0.312 mgL -1 respectively. The β–carotene content ranged from 0.150 to 0.451 mgL-1. The highest content of β–carotene, 0.451 mgL-1, was found in milk of cows with the lowest level of somatic cells count (SCC). The lowest level, 0.150 mgL-1, was found in milk of cows with the highest level of SCC. Milk SCC varies significantly with the concentration of β-carotene in cow’s milk. Researchers should consider monitoring for this variable as potential cofounder when exploring the relationship between mastitis, intramammary infection and nutritional management.
Relationships between production traits and the parity of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. The objectives of the study was to describe the relationships between milk urea, protein, fat concentrations and the age of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. The experiment was carried out at the research dairy farm of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS). From a herd of 320 Polish Holstein Friesian cows maintained in a free–stall dairy shed 50 cows were selected. Parity had significant effect on the shaping the concentration of the production traits. The highest content of protein, 3.87%, was found in milk of cows during 3rd and subsequent lactations in the 10. collecting (above 271 day of lactation). The fat content ranged at the herd level from 3.18 to 4.89 %, the highest level has been recorded in milk of cows during 3th and subsequent lactations, in the 10. collecting (above 271 day of lactation). The urea content ranged at the herd level from 183 to 267 mg L -1. Milk production traits varies significantly with the age of cows. Hence, researchers should consider monitoring for this variable as potential cofounder when exploring the relationship between urea, protein, fat content in milk and nutritional management for meeting the production requirements of cows.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the body condition score of dairy cows and their performance and health status, expressed as the chemical composition of milk and blood biochemical indices. The body condition of 53 PHF cows was evaluated during the dry period and the first 100 days of lactation. In early lactation (100 days) samples of milk and blood were collected as well. In three consecutive measurements during the dry period (60, 30 and 10 days before calving), cows with body condition scores >4 BCS points constituted the largest group in the study population (58.49%, 45.28% and 58.33%, respectively). The greatest decline in body condition during the study period occurred in cows whose body condition was highest during the dry period (>4). The highest average milk yield was obtained in cows whose body condition score in the dry period ranged from 3.1 to 3.5. Significant differences were noted in the content of the milk components (protein, lactose, casein, non-fat dry matter) and in metabolic profile indicators (protein, creatinine, AST) between cows with different body condition scores in the dry period and the first 100 days of lactation.
Forty carcasses (38.6-45.9 kg) from male and female (1:1) wild boar, which were shot in one hunting area during the 2014/2015 season, were studied. Samples of MLD were analysed for proximate chemical composition and fatty acid content of IMF as well as shear force and WHC. AI and TI index were calculated. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant (P≤0.05) effect of sex on the water content of MLD, which was higher in males than in females. Protein content of MLD was high and averaged 24%. Meat was lean with IMF below 2.0%. The PUFA/SFA ratio was similar in both groups of sex, and the dietetically beneficial n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was less than 4:1 because the proportion of n-3 PUFA was high at 4.7-5.1 g/100 g fat. The effect of sex of wild boar on AI was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in males than in females. The results obtained show that the meat of wild boar of both groups of sex would be a rich source of protein in the human diet as well as a source of long-chain n-3 PUFA. The high level of long-chain n-3 PUFA is in line with dietary recommendations for the low n-6/n-3 PUFA. Due to its health-promoting benefits, wild boar meat may provide an alternative to the meat of farm animals.
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