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The state of the art of application of membrane techniques for air cleaning is presented. The most characteristic parameters of membrane separation of gases and vapours are described. Separation of gases and vapours has been applied practically in the industry for the following areas: removal of volatile organics from the air and from industrial waste flows, oxygen enrichment of air and vice versa and the membrane absorption process.
Our paper presents the evaluation of retention coefficient of such natural estrogens as estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) as well as synthetic compounds considered to be endocrine disrupting substances (EDs) – ethynylestradiol (EE2), mestranol (MeEE2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) in water treatment processes, i.e. coagulation and nanofiltration. Estrogens were retained in effect of the adsorption on the particles of humic acids and on floccules of Al(OH)₃ and Fe(OH)₃. The efficiency of coagulation process was not good enough to remove these compounds completely from water. As a second stage of water treatment, nanofiltration was proposed. In this process, estrogens were adsorbed on membranes in their pores (Jv/Jw<1), and their retention was dependent on hydrophobility of micropollutants (logKow). The best treatment results were obtained for polyamide membrane (NF-DS5DK) within the range 93.5-99.9%.
Our paper presents the results of investigations on the treatment of waters involved in unit process ultra­filtration, hybrid process - coagulation/sedimentation/ultrafiltration and in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration. In membrane filtration that we applied immersed capillary membranes. Simulated water containing humic acids at 30 mg/l was ultrafiltered with a constant volumetric permeate flux amounting to 5.7*10"6 m3/m2-s. Four coagulants were tested, for which the optimal process parameters were determined experimentally. We determined the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and that of the hybrid system coagulation-membrane filtration, basing on measurements of the membranes' yield (permeate flux) and physico-chemical analysis of raw water and permeates. Also residual concentration of metal ions (Al and Fe) in permeates were deter­mined. The application of the hybrid system, combining coagulation and ultrafiltration, offers better effects of the removal of organic pollution.
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed due to chlorination of water containing organic compounds. They have mutagenous and carcinogenic properties. The main representative of this effluent group is chloroform. The objectives of this paper are to determine the removal effectiveness of chloroform from natural water with the application of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration as well as modelling the flux of using a mathematical model based on resistance determination law and filtration model in constant pressure conditions (J. Hermia's model). The investigation carried out demonstrated the possibility of applying these processes for the removal of chloroform from water. The comparison of volumetric fluxes - the model flux and the experimental one, confirmed good congruence of the model calculations with the results of investigation studies.
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